Ju’s theory of star-planet co-evolution

Explaining the formation and evolution of the solar system based on the co-evolution law

 

Dr. we ju

June 30, 2017,,

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Chapter 1

The core ideas of the theory of star-planet co-evolution

 

My name is Wei Ju, I am a Chinese doctor and an enthusiast of astrophysics. I have propounded a new theory, called the co-evolution of star and planets, to explain the formation and evolution of the Solar System with a set of new viewpoints and alternative mechanisms. One of the seminal ideas proposed in this theory is the linking of the stellar-merger event to the origin of the Solar System. We have reached the conclusion that our Solar System formed from a series of stellar-merger events and that the method by which the Sun is formed is plasmatic-fusion: a universal unified astrophysical process in which the metallic plasmatic materials contained in the outer layers of both component stars of the merging binary system fuse together, coalescing to form the infant-Sun. However the method by which infant-planets are born is metallic caryosphere-ejection: Also an universal unified astrophysical process in which a clutch of massively matured embryonic metallic caryospheres which have gestated in the core of the female-component star of the merging-binary system, are ejected into local space in the process of stellar-merging, forming the various planets we see today in our Solar System. The process of caryosphere-ejection is powered by the three-dimensional spatial-centrifugal force produced by the exponential acceleration of the two mutual-orbiting merging components due to the law of conservation of angular momentum. In this physical scenario, all planets first form and grow in mass as planetary metallic embryos inside the core of their mother-star, as opposed to forming outside star on the so-called protoplanetary disc (Protoplanet theory). The mass-growth of planetary embryos and the nucleosynthesis of heavy metal elements are two synchronized physical processes which are created and participated by both parent star and planets according to the co-evolution principle, rather than by the star independently. The physical mechanism for the initial formation of the entire Solar System is electromagnetic-integration, a universal unified astrophysical process in which the magnetic field lines and the magnetized quantum streams of both the infant-Sun and its contemporary born infant-planets entangle-and-intercut with each other by following the rule of orthogonal axial intersection, and forming a 1-on-1 pipe-shaped star-planet connected mass-energy exchange system in a radial configuration, termed the Celestial Tunneling Electromagnetic Bond System (CTEB). The central Sun and its orbiting planets are gravitationally bonded together through this CTEB system to become a holistic star-planet co-evolution system, in which the central Sun and planets are co-evolving through the mechanism of bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange via the multiple beams of bi-directional flowing-and-intercutting quantum streams that run back and forth between the Sun and planets as giant oscillating electromagnetic bond. The giant electromagnetic bond mediate the gravity-repulsive interaction-and-competing forces and promote the non-equivalent mass-energy exchange process, leading to the result of coherent-change in star-mass-gain and planet-mass-reduction, this is also called the law of stellar-end mass-transference and can be further summarized as the law of synchronous growth of the six stellar parameters and the law of synchronous decay of the seven basic planetary parameters. The six basic stellar parameters are (1) mass-scale, (2) mass-density (equivalent to metallicity), (3) luminosity (associated with temperature), (4) magnetic field strength, (5) internal energy, and (6) angular momentum. While the seven basic planetary parameters are (1) mass-scale, (2) mass-density (equivalent to metallicity). (3) orbital radius, (4) rotational speed, (5) angular momentum, (6) magnetic field strength, and (7) the internal energy. (explained in the following paragraph).

 

At this point, we have unified the formation and evolution of a single star system and of a binary star system into one theoretical framework of the single-binary-single model (SBS model). All natural laws, rules, and physical mechanisms being proposed in this co-evolution theory are consistent with the core thought of star-planet co-evolution, which is equivalent to the principle of full interaction of star and planet. It states that all natural phenomena and physical processes that occur either in the Sun’s body or on planets must be treated as the result of the co-evolution of Sun and planets. Otherwise, according to this rule, all natural processes that occur either in the Sun’s body or on planets that are treated as the independent activities performed by the Sun itself or the planets’ themselves will be proved fundamentally incorrect. Therefore, in Ju’s co-evolution theory, the laws of star-planet co-evolution have become the physical and philosophical basis which we can use as a “brain-compass” to show us the correct direction when exploring the mystery of the formation and evolution of the Solar System. For example, we are trying to use the co-evolution principle to make pre-judgments and determine whether the viewpoints, conclusions, and laws that proposed in our theory are fundamentally correct or incorrect. The basic standard to make a pre-judgment is to see if they violate the co-evolution law or not. For example, we have made a pre-judgment that the generally accepted Nebular Hypothesis and its updated version—the Protoplanet Hypothesis along with its methods of stellar nucleosynthesis and the production of solar energy are fundamentally incorrect, simply because of their violation of the co-evolution principle. In this physical scenario, all kinds of natural processes and physical mechanisms occurring on the Sun were collectively treated as the independent solar activities of the Sun itself with no relation to its orbiting planets, but our study shows that both Sun-core-based nucleosynthesis and its solar energy production are the physical processes and mechanisms co-created and co-participated by both Sun and planets. Typical observable evidences imply that, within the scope of the Earth-Sun system, the Earth-fired lance-shaped hadron jets, also termed the multiple beams of planet-fired density-increasing and neutron-rich hadron jets that inject into the Sun’s core by penetrating the relatively thin photosphere envelope, create the super power hadron collider mechanism which is the plausible mechanism responsible for producing heavy metal elements in the Sun’s core. In this physical scenario, the mechanism and process that produces heavy metal elements and generates solar energy are indeed co-created and co-participated by both Sun and its orbiting planets. As a result, the location-dependent activities do not remove the participation of other partners, because all systems in the universe are open systems that always need to perform non-equivalent mass-energy exchange with other surrounding systems for their physical processes to occur. Conversely, all natural processes, such as the radioactive decay of uranium and Earthquakes that occur on Earth’s rigid body, are still the consequence of the co-evolution of Sun and Earth: Scientists have already observed a 4% peak-to-peak seasonal variations of radium-222 decay rate change in land-based laboratory are related to the solar flare or the distance from the Sun, [32-redioactive decay-wiki] but unfortunately other scientists trying to disapprove such a solar flare-correlated decay rate changes by using their time-limited observations from other experiment and the attribution of systematic errors. [33-radioactive decay wiki] due to their ignorance of the law of star-planet co-evolution, or lack of deep understanding of the full-interaction principle. However, large scale of hard evidences suggest that the probabilities of high magnitude Earthquake occurrence and large scale volcanic eruptions are correlated to solar activities. While Ju’s co-evolution theory states that both earthquake and volcanic eruption are formed by Earth’s sharp mantle-lava-expansion induced by sudden increasing of the Earth-Sun’s mass-energy exchange volume in a process still governed by the law of star-planet co-evolution. and the mantle-lava-expansion is directly proportional to the periodically collective decay rates increasing of many radioactive elements.   

 

There are many physical effects, new laws, rules, and mechanism that have been proposed in Ju’s theory of star-planet co-evolution, but the core thoughts of the co-evolution theory are the sets of laws of star-planet co-evolution and the single-binary-single model (SBS).

 

The laws of star-planet co-evolution state that:

 

(1) no single star or single planet in our universe can evolve independently by itself, but instead, one single star must couple with one or more planets and co-evolve with their basic parameters changing synchronously within a holistic celestial co-evolution system, in which the star and its orbiting planets are performing bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange activities through a hypothesized star-planet-connected Celestial Tunneling Electromagnetic Bond System (CTEB), meaning that all evolutionary processes of all celestial systems must involve the physical process of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between central star and its orbiting planets. Hence, the converse theorem of celestial co-evolution theory states that there is no celestial system that can evolve without performing mass-energy exchange with its coupled celestial systems (physically interacted system).

 

 (2) the meaning of this so-called non-equivalent mass-energy exchange is that, in a given interval of time, the volume of mass-energy that each planet transfers into the star-core through observable planetary hadron-jet-injection is far greater than that of the mass-energy returned from star to planet, and the total volume of mass-energy gained by central star is approximately equal to the sum of the mass-energy that all the system’s planets have collectively lost. This leads to the inevitable result of stellar-end mass-transference. Ultimately, a single star system with multiple planets such as our Solar System will evolve as a whole into a metallic caryosphere-gestated female component star of a merge-phased contact binary star system, and after a stellar-merger event takes place, the two components (the female component and male component) will merge into an even larger single star system by producing a new-born infant single star and a clutch of new-born infant-planets through the mechanism of caryosphere-ejection.

 

(3) The mode of such mass-energy exchange between star and planets follows a positive-feedback law (or positive-correlation law), which means that the greater the volume of mass-energy (carried by the planet-injected hadron jets or planet-injected cold neutron beams) that the planets inject into the star core, the greater the volume of mass-energy that will be returned by the central star to its exchange partners – the orbiting planets – via the CTEB system, this is also called the positive-correlated relationship of mass-energy exchange. This law together with the new-found formational mechanism of sunspots will physically explain all kinds of anomalous natural phenomena that occur at Earth’s crust and in its atmosphere during the period of sunspot maximum or the solar maxima. Since the new mechanism proposes that all types of sunspots are formed through the hole-puncturing processes, the small diameter-sized sunspots are created by the solar magnetic-hole-puncturing process and powered by the magnetic field lines flux generated by the high-speed-spin of under-photosphere-gestated metallic caryopheres when their energetic magnetic field lines breaks the local photosphere envelope of the Sun, while the large scale sunspots are created by hadron-jet photosphere-hole-puncturing events caused by planet-injected high-density hadron-jets (like Earth-injected cold neutron beams) that carry huge amounts of energy that is sufficiently strong enough to pierce and shoot through the relatively thin photosphere envelope of the Sun and punch groups of magnetically paired holes on the photosphere envelope, working like the needles of a sewing machine puncturing holes in cloth. In the same physical scenario, when the energy-density of these planet-injected cold neutron-beams reaches its maximum level these Earth-injected hadron jets can even shoot through the entire body of the Sun and cause a flare-spot-chain to appear along the straight lines of the Earth-Sun-connected CTEB system (solar flare chain), this usually occurs during the solar maxima, which is interpreted as when Sun-planet mass-energy exchange volume reaches peak value. Since the planet-injected hadron-jets have a high-spin-speed, forward-spiraling motion pattern when shooting towards the Sun’s photosphere, they operate like a drill bit boring holes in a wall. This is why the entrance of large-sized sunspots appears to be a spiral vortex opening perpendicular to the surface of the photosphere, the spinning planet-injected hadron jets can depress the point-like granular tissue into long-tailed plasma features, with its granular-head flowing towards the Sun-core with a tail-length extending up to a thousand kilometers. This indicates that the energy density carried by these inter-streaming hadron jets is very strong. In Ju’s co-evolution theory, the solar maximum period is also treated as the period of when the Sun-planet’s mass-energy exchange is at peak value. Such a physical mechanism also creates three major photospheric effects visible to space-based astronomic telescopes from within the scope of the Earth-Sun system: The photospheric-splash effect, the photospheric-cutting effect, and the photospheric-piercing effect. The small scale sunspots are caused by the Sun’s self-developed magnetic flux-puncturing mechanism that works like a sewing machine needle puncturing holes in pairs on Sun’s photosphere envelope with opposing south/north magnetic polarities (for more detail see the new formational mechanism of sunspots in chapter 2).  

 

(4) The formation and evolution of macro-celestial systems and the formation and transmutation of particles including those of chemical elements are fully synchronized astro-particle physical process. All known and unknown chemical elements can be produced in just one SBS cycle, which has nothing to do with the imaginary Big Bang event. This is also called the rule of macro-micro synchronization and equalization. The mass-transference direction and mass-density change trend of celestial systems must be consistent with the density-change trend of chemical elements that make up the celestial system. In a standard single star system, the long-term density change of the chemical elements which make up the planet follow the long-term density-decreasing trend (hydrogen-end shift nuclear transmutation). While the density change of chemical elements that make up the star follows the long-term density-increasing trend (uranium-end shift nuclear transmutation). It implies that, in Earth, a core-to-atmosphere marked density-decreasing trended uranium-to-hydrogen nuclear transmutation chain must exist. The lightest hydrogen atoms that solely consist of a hydrogen-shell will be further photoelectrically broken down into subatomic and subnucleonic particles such as protons, electrons, and neutrinos which ascend to the Van Allen Radiation Belt wherein the Earth-originating subatomic particles will interactively collide with the solar-originating charged particles and with the far smaller magnetized quantum streams of the Earth to be condensed into thermal neutron streams at the outer-edge of the magnetosheath of the Earth, at the center of what is called the bow shock area. From there the thermal neutron streams will be further condensed into cryo-neutron streams on their way into the Sun’s core to participate in the Sun-planets’ co-created super power hadron collider mechanism to synthesize heavy metal elements and generate solar energy. This newly proposed physical process is consistent with the co-evolution law and macro-micro synchronization law.

 

Please be noted that this law is based on choosing hydrogen as the standard lightest element and uranium as the standard heaviest element. The future discovery of metal elements that might exist deep in the Earth and might be far heavier than that of uranium does not affect the validity of this law.

 

When applying the basic four laws of star-planet co-evolution to the case of the Solar System, we conclude that the central Sun can not evolve independently by itself, and the Solar System’s planets can not evolve independently by themselves either. Both the central Sun and its orbiting planet must couple with one another to form a Sun-planet-connected CTEB system, in which the Sun and planets are gravitationally bonded together to form a holistic celestial co-evolution system. In this system, the central Sun and its orbiting planets are able to co-evolve by performing bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange activities with groups of solar and planetary parameters changing synchronously by following the rule of solar mass-gain and planetary mass-reduction (variance mode of coherent-change). Such a physical process is achieved through the CTEB-conducted bi-directional flowing particle streams that run back and forth between the Sun and its orbiting planets. Such a hypothetical CTEB system is both physically detectable and morphologically observable within the scope of the Earth-Sun system when using space-based instruments. The work of Dr. Jack Scudder at The USA’sIowaUniversityin particular is helpful for confirming the existence of the CTEB system at work in the Earth-Sun system (Jack Scudder et al. 2012). In addition, Scudder had pointed out in his paper that : “Mingling lines of magnetic force from the sun and Earth criss-cross and join to create the openings, "X-points" are where the criss-cross takes place…..”. However, Scudder himself seemed to have not yet realized that this is actually a tunneling mass-energy exchange system that has existed in the Earth-Sun system for nearly 5 billion years since the initial formation of the Solar System, and plays a crucial role in the co-evolution of Sun and planets, as well as the evolution of the whole Solar System. He also seemed to have not yet realized that in this Earth-Sun-connected CTEB system, multiple beams of bidirectional flowing particle streams running between the Sun and Earth could exist, as opposed to the previous-thought of one-way-flowing charged particle streams that only flow from Sun to Earth. Ju’s star-planet co-evolution theory further maintains that the formational mechanism of the CTEB system is multi-lateral orthogonal intercutting and entanglement of magnetized quantum streams, or simply: The mechanism of intercutting-and-entangling of magnetized quantum streams, in which the magnetic field lines plus the beams of magnetized quantum streams derived from both the Sun’s and planets’ respective magnetic fields will mutually intercut and entangle with each other by following the principle of orthogonal axial intersection. This creates a pipe-shaped CTEB system that gravitationally bonds Sun and planets together in a 1-on-1 radial configuration. Within each Sun-planet-connected CTEB system there are multiple beams of bi-directional flowing particle streams running back and forth between the Sun and its orbiting planets to mediate the gravitational-repulsive interaction force and to promote the process of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between Sun and planets. Thus the CTEB system is supposed to have three basic physical functions:

 

(1)   Mediating the gravity-repulsive interacting-competing forces via bi-directional flowing particle streams running back and forth between the star and its orbiting planet.

 

In this physical scenario, the precisely balanced planetary orbits must be explained with a new set of force-balancing mechanisms as it opposes the Newtonian force-balance mechanism. For example, in the Earth-Sun system, the evenly expanding-and-out-flowing solar wind carries photo-thermal energy (in contrast with cold-dark energy) that will be first converted into an omni-directional expanding force and further be converted into a strong repulsive force that will push Earth out in its orbit and push all other orbiting planets out in their orbits too. This, together with the centrifugal force that is produced by the planet’s angular momentum, becomes a combined counter-gravity force to cancel out the CTEB-mediated gravitational drag force. The main problem to overcome for this kind of new force-balancing mechanism to work is that the diameter of the Earth is too small to provide the surface area to be effectively pushed out in its orbit. However, the far greater diameter of the Earth’s ovary-shaped magneto-sheath sufficiently increases the force-acting-area of the Earth, enabling the out-streaming solar wind to maximize its wind-blowing force effectively enough to push Earth outward in its orbit. This can be directly proved by the observation of the magneto-sailing effect in an astrophysical process, in which the out-flowing solar wind posseses a sufficiently strong repulsive-push force to act on the surface area of the Earth’s magneto-sheath and repulsively deform the shape of the ovary-shaped magneto-sheath by its force, which in turn effectively pushes Earth out in its orbit, however, in this physical scenario, the CTEB system works like a force-mediation “kite string” that attractively pull the Earth inward, whilst the Earth and its magneto-sheath as a whole work like a kite. The deformation of the Earth’s magneto-sheath (manifested as the magneto-sailing effect) is like a ship’s sail or a kite being stretched and deformed by wind. At this point, we believe that the traditional “bow shock” conception is an incorrect interpretation of the Earth’s magneto-sailing effect, which has failed to correctly explain the force-balancing mechanism. We propose that the Earth’s orbit is precisely balanced simply because the CTEB-mediated gravitational drag force cancels out the combined counter-gravity forces that are composed by the force factors of the solar-wind-push plus the planetary centrifugal force (the combined push force = solar wind-carried repulsive force plus the Earth’s angular momentum-generated centrifugal force), rather than Newton’s force-balancing mechanism i.e. that the Sun’s gravitational pull will counter-balance with planetary centrifugal force. In fact, the force factor that the Sun produces is primarily the repulsive force carried by out-flowing and expanding solar wind, rather than gravitational pull. Another force factor that combines with solar wind repulsion is the centrifugal force derived from a planet’s angular momentum. The strength of the combined repulsive forces differ from planet to planet and is dependent on their distance from the Sun. The closer the planet orbits the Sun (such as the four terrestrial planets) the higher the energy-density of the solar wind is, thus the solar wind-carried repulsive force makes up a greater proportion of the combined repulsive forces and the angular momentum produced centrifugal force makes up a smaller one. In the case of the four outer planets, the centrifugal forces that are derived from their far greater angular momentums are stronger, while the solar wind carried repulsive force acting on their magneto-sheath and rigid bodies has a far smaller influence than it does on the four terrestrial planets. Therefore, the solar wind carried repulsive force is weaker for the outer four planets because of the energy-density of solar wind decreasing as the distance between Sun and planet increases.

 

Two other major force factors should also be taken into account: (1) the orbital-magneto interactions between planet and planet, or in other words, adjacent planets will both gravitationally and repulsively interact with each other. (2) the super-powered gravity-repulsive interaction forces derived from the galactic center will have an effect on each planet and even on the whole Solar System, and causes the planetary orbital-switching effect, meaning that the adjacent two planets will have their circular orbits switch at the 180-degree line in an in-out-switch pattern with the Sun placed in the center as the central point connecting both orbital-switched planets in a straight line and the hypothetical axes of their orbital rings remain in a state of dynamic orthogonal axial-intersection, forming a hypothetical 3-D spherical shape similar to a rubber-band ball. Instead of a 2-D concentric plane, such a planetary orbital switching effect is caused simply by the double-hole-interaction forces derived from the galactic center, i.e. the super-massive black hole that resides in the galactic center. We have now termed this as the black-hole-dark-cold-energy and white-hole-photo-thermal-energy coupled “double-hole structured dual-energy conversion system”. This is the physical system of everything (PSoE). For a long time I have been searching for the physical system of everything, that is, a system that is responsible for creating all fundamental laws, all physical mechanisms, and all natural phenomena in the universe. We can use this system as a powerful tool to unify the so-called four fundamental interaction forces into one simple frame of unified theory. In other words, the best way to ultimately unify the so-called four fundamental forces is to find the physical system of everything (PSoE) that created the two fundamental interactive competing forces, instead of creating some “fanciful mathematical formula”. The so-called physical system of everything is termed the super-symmetric black-white double-hole structured dual-energy conversion system, and its typical macroscopic morphological manifestation in large scale space is the super-symmetric Fermi Bubble structure of the Milky Way Galaxy system. Its typical microscopic morphological manifestation is the hydrogen electron cloud. In this physical scenario, black-hole-energy is called dark-cold energy, which has the basic function of promoting matters’ transmutation from lower mass-density to higher mass-density and having the system gain mass-energy scale, in the meantime it also  produces the contracting-binding-and-attracting force and the cold-effect. White-hole-energy is called photo-thermal energy and has the basic function of promoting matters’ transmutation from higher mass-density to lower mass-density and having the system drop in mass-energy scale, whilst also producing the expanding-disintegration-and-repulsing force and the thermal effect. Both types of the black-hole-dark-cold energy and the white-hole-photo-thermal energy can not independently exist by itself, but instead, they both must co-exist within one unified super-symmetric double-hole-structured dual-energy conversion system, each side can only exit on the basis of existence of opposite side. This is called the co-exiting and co-evolution principle.  Traditionally, the scientists only consider the one-way vector described gravity force but without considering the competing force—the repulsive force, led Newton developed a false-truth-sandwich defect type of gravity law, that has created lot of problems misleading the post-Newtonian scientists misunderstanding the importance of the duality law, and miscalculate the Solar System’s mass-distribution (explain later). But now, in Ju’s co-evolution theory, we have found that the Milk Way Galaxy is an actually the long-sought fundamental physical system of everything(PSoE), i.e. the super-symmetric and well-balanced double-hole structured dual-energy conversion system, and the understanding the principle of co-exiting of dark-cold energy and photo-thermal energy, and the co-existing principle would enable us to understand that various natural phenomena are caused by the unified super-symmetric dual-energy physical system. or they are various forms of functioning manifestations at different space scale and different mass-energy levels, and the so-called four fundamental interaction forces can be finally simplified to one pair of coupled interacting-and-competing forces, i.e. the black-hole-effect-generated-dark-cold-energy produces contract-binding-attraction force, while the white-hole-effect-generated-photo-thermal-energy produces expanding-disintegration-repulsive force. And all types of physical-chemical mechanisms are ultimately created by working of the universal unified super-symmetric double-hole-structured dual-energy conversion process, please be noted that the term of super-symmetric does not mean absolutely equal, in any double-hole-structured dual-energy conversion system, the strengths of the two types of energies are not absolutely equal, one types of energy will always win a little bit, in the case of Fermi Bubble represented galaxy scaled double-hole-structured dual-energy conversion system, the white-hole-photo-thermal-energy predominant the south pole side while the black-hole-dark-cold-energy predominant the north pole, the method that can be used to determine which side is predominant by what types of energy is measure the relative plasma volume at the galactic center, from many NASA-credited astronomical pictures, it seams that the size of plasma volume at the south side of galactic plane is little more than that of the north side (will be explained later for detail).

 

Another profound physical implication for the new force-balancing mechanism is that we must re-consider our traditionally believed profile of the mass-distribution status of current Solar System, which maintains that the Sun has been thought to possess the 99.86% Solar System’s mass while all the system’s planets put together only possess less than 0.5% of the system’s mass, but inconceivably the planets has been thought to have 95% of the system’s angular momentum. such a mass-angular problem or the mass-angular momentum paradox was made by the incorrect force-balancing mechanism which leads to the miscalculation of the Solar System’s initial and current mass-distribution, plus the ignorance of the co-evolution law governed non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between Sun and planets and of the law of stellar-end mass-transference. Let the mainstream scientists believe that the Solar System’s mass-distribution stays in a non-changable physical status. but in fact, the Solar System’s mass-distribution stays in a constantly changing status by following the solar-end mass-transferring trend due to the non-equivalent mass-energy exchange mechanism governed by the universal law of star-planet co-evolution. we believe that the flaws embedded in Newton’s gravity law (truth-false-sandwich problem) and his incorrect force-balancing mechanism, plus the incorrect formational mechanism for the initial formation of the Solar System, altogether,  had led to the seriously miscalculation of the Solar System’s mass-distribution. In Ju’s co-evolution theory, the Sun itself does not produce significant drag force, but instead, the Sun-ejected out-streaming solar wind carries a huge amount of photothermal energy (equivalent to expanding energy) that will be converted into s repulsive force to push its orbiting planets outward, instead of pulling them inward. In the Earth-Sun system, the main drag force that pulls the Earth in its orbit is co-produced by both Sun and Earth (co-creation principle) and mediated by the Earth-Sun-connected CTEB system. Rather than being solely produced by the Sun, this kind of new force-balancing mechanism requires a new picture of the Solar System’s mass-distribution. In Ju’s co-evolution theory, the current Sun possibly holds merely 50-60% of the Solar System’s total mass, safely speaking, the mass that the current Sun holds would be no more than 80% of the Solar System’s total mass, of course, in the future, say, in 5-7 billion years, the Sun will eventually hold 99% of the Solar System’s mass as 99% of the solar planetary system’s mass will have been transferred into the Sun’s core through the process of CTEB-conducted non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the Sun and Earth. This is the unified astrophysical process governed by the laws of star-planet co-evolution.

 

(2)   Promoting the process of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between star and planets, leading to the result of solar-end mass-transference or stellar-end mass-transference. Enabling a single star system (such as our Solar System) as a whole to evolve into a massive metallic caryosphere-gestated component star of a merge-phased contact binary system, due to 99% of the system’s mass having been transferred into the star-core/Sun-core through the mechanism of CTEB-conducted planetary hadronic jet injection. This is followed by a stellar-merger event in a process governed by the universal law of synchronized merge-ejection, in which the outer layer plasmatic materials of both components will fuse together and coalesce to form a newborn single star. At the same time, the component star which has a clutch of gestated massively matured metallic caryospheres in its core, termed the female-component star in laboring phase, will eject its billion-year-gestated matured metallic caryospheres out into local space, giving birth to a clutch of newborn infant-planets and forming the various planets we see today in our Solar System. The newborn single star and its contemporary newborn infant-planets will have their magnetic field lines along with their magnetized quantum streams orthogonally intercutting-and-entangling with each other to form 1-on-1 radial configured star-planet-connected CTEB systems, by which the central star and its orbiting planets are gravitationally bonded together to form a holistic co-evolution system, i.e. forming a newborn single star system. The newborn single star system will repeat the same physical process of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the central star and its orbiting planets through star-planet-connected CTEB systems, through which a new cycle of the stellar-end mass-transferring process will be initiated again.

 

The non-equivalent mass-energy exchange mechanism and the stellar-end mass-transferring process result in a conclusion that the core change over the Solar System’s evolution is the mass-redistribution process, in which the solar planetary system’s mass will be gradually transferred into the Sun’s core through CTEB-conducted planetary hadronic jet injection. Leads to the coherent-change of the stellar parameters and the planetary parameters with the core changes of Sun’s mass-gain and the planets’ mass-lost. This is manifested as the synchronous increase of the six basic solar parameters (i.e. mass-volume, mass-density, luminosity, internal energy, magnetic field strength, and angular momentum) and the synchronous decay of the seven basic planetary parameters (i.e. mass-volume, mass-density equivalent to metallicity, orbital radius, rotational speed, internal energy, angular momentum, and the magnitude of magnetic field strength). (See the formation and evolution of the Solar System in chapter 2).

 

(3)  Promoting the process of mass-density homogenization between the Sun and its orbiting planets, in which the mean-density of the Sun will increase as more heavy metal elements are synthesized and condensed into the bodies of embryonic giant metallic caryospheres gestated in it’s core. While the mean-density of each planet will decrease as more heavy metal elements are diffusively broken down and transmuted into lighter gas elements through the mechanism of asymptotic density-decreasing hydrogen-end nuclear transmutation, before the ionized hydrogen atoms in the hydrogen-shell being finally photo-electrically disintegrated into subatomic particles like protons and electrons occurring in the Van Allen Radiation Belt, from where the protons and electrons and neutrinos will recombine to form hot fast neutron streams at the outer edge of Earth’ magneto-sheath at the center of bow shock and the flying hot neutron streams will be further condensed into cold neutron beams that are injected by Earth into Sun’s core to participate the Sun-Earth co-created super power hadron collider activities in order to produce heavy metal elements in Sun’s core. While on Earth, one heavy nucleon that composes heavy metal elements like Uranium is diffusively disintegrated into hundreds of thousands of light nucleons that compose lighter solid or gas elements through various forms of radioactive decay or the density-decreasing nuclear transmutation in a process governed by the law of the Earth-Sun’s non-equivalent mass-energy exchange, is called the CTEB-governed asymptotic density-decreasing hydrogen-end nuclear transmutation. At this point, we assert that there is an invisible, core-to-atmosphere, progressively density-decreasing nuclear transmutation chain existing on Earth, in which the particles’ transmutation follows a long-term density-decreasing trend. In Earth’s rigid body portion — the core-mantle-crust — the physical process of asymptotic density-decreasing nuclear transmutation is manifested as the various forms of long-term trend of density-decreasing radioactive decay and the non-prominent quantum evaporation naturally occurring on inert metal elements like iridium and platinum. The typical example of such a density-decreasing nuclear transmutation is the Uranium-to-Lead decay chain, in which Uranium-238 decays to Lead-206 with an atomic mean density decrease from 19.05g/cm3 to 11.34g/cm3. Meanwhile the uranium-ejected alpha particles will combine free electrons to form helium gas elements underneath the crust. This is called the short-cut gas elements production in contrast with the asymptotic density-decreasing nuclear transmutation chain by which the helium elements can be produced by cosmic ray spallation pathway in which the oxygen atom in upper atmosphere of oxygen shell can be disintegrated into helium and hydrogen before hydrogen atoms are further disintegrated into protons and electrons in Van Allen Radiation belt. in the uranium-to-hydrogen nuclear transmutation chain, all stable isotopes are relatively and conditionally stable, meaning that all stable isotopes of elements can be firstly decay into unstable isotopes of the same element and then transmuted into isotopes of other elements through beta－decay, or beta＋decay. or the inert metal elements like iridium and platinum will undergo a long-term mass-decay process called the non-prominent quantum evaporation process to make their pure chemical substances gradually loss mass in which the microscopic density-decreasing process is still governed by the CTEB-conducted non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between Sun and planet, the typical example of this is that the118-year-old platinum-iridium alloy made cylinder of Kilogram prototype was found mysteriously losing weight by 50 milligrams. Then the scientists want to develop a new method to establish the metric system by using carbon isotope C-12,  but regardless of such a unfathomable number of carbon-12 atoms, if we really use the C-12 method, we will find that the isotope of the C-12 can still undergo a bidirectional stable-to-unstable isotopic nuclear transmutation through the non-prominent beta+ decay to transmute into isotope of C-11, or some of C-12 will firstly decay into C-13 through neutron-capture pathway then C-13 will transmute into isotope of N-13 through beta- decay. or other forms of non-prominent quantum evaporation because of the universal law of planetary evolution—the synchronous decay of seven basic planetary parameters, which is govern the microscopic physical process of asymptotic density-decreasing nuclear transmutation in order to obey the rule of macroscopic CTEB system govern macroscopic QTEB system( the non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between quantum systems). Such density-decreasing trending radioactive decay occurring between microscopic quantum systems must be physically consistent with the evolutionary trend of the Earth, by which the seven basic planetary parameters of the Earth, including the mass-density and mass-volume of the Earth, will synchronously decay to a negligible value in the next 5-7 billion years as 99% of Earth’s mass will be gradually transferred to the Sun’s core through the Earth-Sun-connected CTEB system. This is why in the uranium-238 decay chain, in most cases, the mean density of the daughter nuclide is lower than that of the parent nuclide. However, we still see some periodic intermediate radioactive decay that follows a density-increasing trend (mass-gain trend), in which the lighter parent nuclides will transmute into heavier daughter nuclides by absorbing mass-energy from their surrounding systems. For example, in the uranium-238 to lead-206 decay chain, thorium-234 (density 11.724g/cm3) decays to protactinium-234 (density, 15.37g/cm3), and radon-222 (density,0.009g/cm3) decays to polonium-218(density,9.169g/cm3). In both cases, the mean density of the daughter nuclides are much higher than that of their parent nuclides, indicating that the daughter nuclide having gained mass by absorbing mass-energy from surrounding systems This is called mass-gain radioactive decay, or density-increasing radioactive decay. Another typical case of mass-gain nuclear transformation is nitrogen-14 to carbon-14 nuclear transformation, when nitrogen-14 (mass-density, 0.001251g/cm3) decays to carbon-14 (mass-density, 2.26g/cm3) through the cosmic ray colliding mechanism in which high-energy cosmic rays collide with atoms of nitrogen-14 in the upper atmosphere in a process by which the energy of cosmic rays penetrate into the nucleus of nitrogen-14, resulting in decay products of carbon-14. In this naturally occurring cosmic ray-colliding process, a large scale of mass-energy is injected into the nucleus of nitrogen-14. When the mass-density of the nucleus of nitrogen-14 is increased a thousand fold reaching a mass-density level of 2.26g/cm, the nucleus of nitrogen-14 transforms into a nucleus of carbon-14, because the transmutation process of nitrogen-14 to carbon-14 belongs to the mass-gain or density-increasing type of nuclear transmutation which is against the evolutionary trend of the Earth. According to the principle of macro-CTEB system controlling the micro-QTEB system, any resulting daughter nuclide that is heavier than its decay parent nuclide can not survive for long. Next we will see the heavier carbon-14 decay back to much lighter nitrogen-14 with a half-life of 5,730 years. In this case, although the radioactive equation is “well-balanced” regarding the equal atomic mass number, the mass-density of carbon-14 is nearly two hundred times that of nitrogen-14. Such a big atomic mass-density gap between two types of elements that have equal atomic mass numbers but have different atomic mass-density values is called the disparity of atomic number and atomic mass-density, which is caused by asymmetric mass-energy absorption and mass-energy emission during the process of radioactive decay. At this point, all kinds of radioactive decay modes can be simply classified into two types of nuclear transmutations, i.e. the density-increasing nuclear transmutation (mass-gain nuclear transmutation) and the density-decreasing nuclear transmutation (mass-reduction or mass-defection nuclear transmutation).

The density-increasing nuclear transmutation or the mass-gain nuclear transmutation that is naturally occurring on Earth is inverse-trending nuclear transmutation because this type of nuclear transmutation is against the long-term evolutionary trend of the Earth, as the long-term trend of Earth evolution is synchronous decay of both Earth’s mass-scale and mass-density, or against the law of synchronous decay of seven basic planetary parameters (explained later). Because such a density-increasing type of radioactive decay is inversely-trending radioactive decay, then the half-life of daughter decay products cannot last long, that is why carbon-14 will decay back to nitrogen-14 by giving off its mass-energy and reducing its mass-density. Most of the naturally occurring or artificially synthesized daughter radioactive nuclides which have higher mass-density than their parent decay nuclides will have very short-lived half-lives simply because all types of density-increasing nuclear transmutation, or mass-gain nuclear transmutation, occurring on any planet, is against the long-term trend of planetary evolution as well as the law of synchronous decay of seven planetary parameters. That is why we see that all daughter nuclides with higher mass-density than their parent nuclides are relatively short-lived radionuclides.

Such inverse-trended density-increasing radioactive decay only represents the short-lived periodic density-increasing changes of Earth’s matter. It does not represent the long-term trend of the density-decreasing change of Earth’s matter, simply because the long-term trend of Earth’s evolution is towards density-decrease and mass-reduction, with the process being governed by the universal law of synchronous decay of the seven basic planetary parameters, these seven basic planetary parameters include: (1) planetary orbital radii, (2) planetary rotational speed, (3) planetary mass-volume, (4) planetary mass-density, (5) planetary internal energy, (6) planetary angular momentum, and (7) the magnitude of planetary magnetic field strength.

So the Earth’s long-term density decrease and mass-reduction is caused by the collective density-decrease and mass-defection of particles that comprise the Earth, in a process which is governed by the mechanism of CTEB-conducted Earth-Sun non-equivalent mass-energy exchange. In other words, the existence of the core-to-atmosphere density-decreasing trended nuclear transmutation chain on Earth is based on the existence of the Earth-Sun-connected CTEB system.  

The progressive density-decreasing nuclear transmutation (the principle of diffusive nuclear transmutation) that is occurring at the atomic-to-molecular level is manifested as the widely observed metallic oxidation process occurring on Earth in its rigid body portion.

When such a density-decreasing nuclear transmutation chain extends to the Earth’s upper atmosphere, it will create a four-shell stratified heterosphere structure in Earth’s upper atmosphere, i.e. the nitrogen shell, oxygen shell, helium shell, and the hydrogen shell, plus the proton-electron stratified layers that exist in the Van Allen Radiation Belt. We call it the five-layer stratified upper atmospheric structure of density-decreasing trended nuclear transmutation, in which a single oxygen atom is photoelectrically ionized and diffusively broken down to multiple neutral helium and helium ions, and the neutral helium and helium ions will be photoelectrically ionized and diffusively broken down to neutral hydrogen atoms and hydrogen ions. Finally, the hydrogen ions will be photoelectrically broken down into protons and electrons in the Van Allen Radiation Belt. In this physical scenario, the charged particles that are trapped into the Earth’s magnetic field are not just from Sun-ejected solar wind, but instead, most of them come from the Earth’s heterosphere, produced by cosmic ray’s photoelectric diffusion mechanism due to the magnetic fields’ interaction between Sun and Earth. At this point, from the troposphere to the Van Allen Radiation belt, the whole non-rigid-body portion of the Earth as a whole is treated as a progressively density-decreasing nuclear transmutation chain. This is separated into three major atmospheric diffusion layers: the molecular-to-atomic diffusion layer (covers the entire homosphere), atomic-to-ionic diffusion layer (covers the ozone layer to the entire heterosphere), and the ionic-to-subatomic diffusion layers (covers the hydrogen shell to the entire Van Allen Radiation Belt). Lastly, on the outer edge of the Earth’s magnetosheath—the outer edge of the Earth’s bow shock structure, the electrons and protons recombine to form Sun-core-oriented hot neutron streams, and the hot neutron streams are further condensed into cold neutron streams that will be shot into the Sun’s core to form what is called the Sun-planet co-created superpower hadron collider mechanism to synthesize the heavy metal elements in the Sun’s core.

The principle of macroscopic CTEB System controlling the microscopic QTEB system

 

    Another equivalent law to explain long-term density-decreasing trended radioactive decay is the principle of macroscopic CTEB System controlling the microscopic QTEB system; it means that the long-term trend of the density-change of the particles that make up a given celestial body must match the same long-term density-change trend of the celestial body. The acronym QTEB is the short form for quantized tunneling electromagnetic bond systems with infinitive gradient levels of mass-density and mass-energy scales ranging from sub-nucleon to atomic-to-molecular level (chemical bond level). This QTEB systems is a generalized concept meant to describe all kinds of microscopic mass-energy exchanging systems working between particles that have various mass scales, which includes the quantized tunneling gluonic bond that bonds different quarks together to form nucleons(neutrons and protons), the quantized tunneling electromagnetic neutron-proton bond that bonds nucleons together to form atomic nuclei, the quantized tunneling electromagnetic proton-electron bond or quantized tunneling neutron-positron bond that bonds nucleons and electrons/positrons together to form atoms, the quantized tunneling electromagnetic chemical bond that bonds atoms together to form molecules, the quantized weak intermolecular bond that bond smaller molecules together to form larger molecule groups and so on. All of these microscopic QTEB systems working in the microscopic particle world on Earth at various mass-energy levels are collectively controlled by the macroscopic Earth-Sun-connected CTEB system.

It is easy to understand that the collective changes of particles will result in the change of the celestial body they compose, and vice versa, the long-term evolution trend of a given celestial body must lead the long-term trend of the density-change of particles that consist of the celestial body. Since the long-term evolutionary trend of the Earth is governed by the universal law of synchronous decay of the seven basic planetary parameters, then the mass-scale and mass-density of particles that make up the Earth must be consistent with the same trend. since the law of synchronous decay of seven basic planetary parameters dictates that the mean-density and total mass-scale of the Earth will decay to a negligible value in 5-7 billion years as the Earth’s mass will be finally transferred into the Sun’s core to be converted into the mass of embryonic metallic caryospheres that gestated in Sun’s core, therefore, the long-term density change of particles that make up the Earth will follow the same long-term density-decreasing trend in order to be consistent with evolutionary trend of the Earth. This law has determined that any artificial heavy element made by a particle accelerator, or any naturally occurring daughter nuclides that are heavier than their parent decay nuclides are short-lived.

 

 

In general, the basic foundation for us to understand the natural processes and events that occur within the Solar System both philosophically and physically is through understanding the laws of star-planet co-evolution and the full-interaction principle. The full-interaction principle, by definition, means that any natural phenomena, physical process, or natural event, no matter where they take place, whether it is in the Sun, here on Earth or on other planets, as long as they occurred within the Solar System, they must be treated as the consequences of the Sun-planet’s CTEB-conducted non-equivalent mass-energy exchange activities, or rather, the consequences of the Sun and planets’ bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange. Otherwise, any explanations or interpretations regarding the natural processes or events that occur in the Sun which view them as the Sun’s independent activities and bearing no relation to its orbiting planets will ultimately be proved fundamentally incorrect. Likewise, if any natural processes or events that occur within the Earth’s core and mantle as well as in Earth’s atmosphere are treated as Earth’s independent activities that have nothing to do with the Sun, it will also be proved fundamentally incorrect. In general, any astrophysical theory or model will be proven fundamentally incorrect as long as the theory’s core thought violates the full-interaction principle or the laws of star-planet co-evolution. At this point, we believe that the Nebular Hypothesis or its updated version—the Protoplanet Hypothesis—is fundamentally incorrect, simply because the core thoughts of the theory violate the laws of star-planet co-evolution. For example, in the Nebular Hypothesis system, the Sun’s energy production and it’s Sun-core based nucleosynthesis as a whole are treated as the Sun’s independent activities—so-called solar activities that have nothing to do with the orbiting planets. The Sun’s evolution and the planets’ evolution are treated as two separate celestial evolution systems, as opposed to a holistic co-evolution system. As a result, the Nebular Hypothesis, along with the modern astrophysics based on it’s core ideas as a whole, will also be proven fundamentally incorrect. The highly differentiated disciplines in the modern astrophysics field, such as planetary science (planetology) and stellar science only make the situation worse.

 

By definition, the non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the Sun and its orbiting planets means that, in a given interval of time, the total volume of mass-energy that each individual planet gives out to the Sun via the mechanism of CTEB-conducted planetary hadronic jet injection is far greater than that of the mass-energy that the Sun returns to each planet through coronal mass-energy ejection (CMEE). The difference, called the star-planet mass-energy exchange surplus value, will be converted into a certain amount of Sun-gained-mass stored in the Sun’s core to serve as the main source of raw materials for two processes: Hadron colliding based nucleosynthesis (rather than the hydrogen-to-helium nuclear fusion reaction) and the mass-growth of star-core-gestated embryonic metallic caryospheres through Synchronized Star-planet co-created Superpower Hadron Colliding and Neutronized Degenerate Accretion (Syn-SPCCHC & NDA), in which the “freshly-synthesized” heavy metal elements will be simultaneously condensed into the bodies of a star-core-gestated metallic caryosphere (SCGMC). This enables them to grow in mass at an exponential rate until they become a clutch of massively matured metallic pre-ejection caryospheres (pre-ejection metallic planetary embryos) that are ready to be ejected during a stellar-merger event, in a process which is governed by the law of synchronized merge-ejection. According to the second law of star-planet co-evolution, the total volume of the mass-energy that the Sun or a central star gains from its orbiting planets via planetary hadronic jet injection is equal to the total volume of mass-energy that all the system’s planets collectively lose. This is also called the law of relative mass-energy conservation of a single star system.

 

According to the third law of star-planet co-evolution, known as the principle of positively-correlated mass-energy exchange: in a given interval of time, the greater the volume of mass-energy that a planet gives out to the Sun through CTEB-conducted planetary hadronic jet injection (mainly injected into Sun’s core), the greater the volume of mass-energy that the Sun will return to the planet. Such a principle can be used to physically explain some astrophysical phenomena that typically occur during the sunspot maximum period, such as geomagnetic storms, intensified aurora effects and intensified energy increases in the Van Allen radiation belt, not to mention the largely increased probabilities of volcanic eruption occurrence and the correlating increased occurrence of Earthquakes during this period.

 

To understand the positive correlation law of Sun-planets’ non-equivalent mass-energy exchange, we must first understand the formational mechanism of sunspots. In Ju’s co-evolution theory, the formational mechanism of sunspots is the hole-puncturing mechanism caused by both planetary hadronic jet injection and the Sun’s superficial magnetic field lines. In the case of small diameter-sized sunspots, the main power force that punctures magnetic-vortex holes or openings in the Sun’s photosphere envelope is the superficial clustering of the Sun’s magnetic field lines. But in the case of large scale and large diameter-sized sunspot events, the main power force that punctures holes on the near-Earth side photosphere envelope actually originates from Earth: Unified planet-fired high-energy lance-shaped density-increasing hadronic jets pierce the Sun’s relatively thin photosphere envelope and puncture a group of shifting holes on the surface of the Sun’s photosphere envelope, working  like an invisible screw-driver or the needle of a sewing machine to create a short-lived sunspot phenomenon in the form of magnetic vortex pore opening which can happen on any portion of the photosphere envelope. The shifting property of the sunspots is produced by planetary revolution as the planet-fired lance-shaped density-increasing hadronic jets work like a shifting high-energy gamma ray or a shifting high-energy laser beam. In this physical scenario, if a group of shifting sunspots appear on the near-Earth side of the solar photosphere observable to land-based observers, then Earth will be the planet responsible for the creation of these sunspots. This is because the sunspots that appear on the near-Earth-side of the photosphere envelope are the photospheric holes punctured by Earth-fired lance-shaped high-energy density-increasing hadronic jets. When the hole-puncturing process is observed laterally from space-based astronomic telescopes, it will be manifested as the photospheric-piecing effect or the photospheric-splashing effect. According to the principle of positively-correlated Earth-Sun mass-energy exchange, the more mass-energy that the Earth injects into the Sun’s core, the greater the volume of mass-energy that the Sun will return to the Earth. Since the sunspot’s maximum period represents a period in which the Sun-planet mass-energy exchange reaches its’ peak volume, the mass-energy volume that is carried by the Earth-fired condensing hadronic jets will accordingly be at its maximum value. The law of positively-correlated mass-energy exchange tells us that the volume of mass-energy carried by Sun-ejected high-energy protonized density-decreasing particle streams will also surge to the maximum level, meaning a greater volume of Sun-ejected mass-energy will be returned to Earth. According to the double-hole physics described dual-energy-conversion principle, the energy properties of the Sun-ejected protonized particle streams are as that of photo-thermal energy relative to the dark-cold energy carried by planet-fired density-increasing hadronic jets (see chapter regarding the double-hole structured dual-energy-conversion system). In the double-hole dual-energy-conversion physics system, photo-thermal energy has the basic function of promoting the mass-density decreasing process, manifested as Sun-ejected diffusive prontonized particle streams that can photo-electrically ionize and split heavier gas elements into hydrogen/helium in the Earth’s atmosphere, whilst at the same time electromagnetically disintegrating heavy metal elements into lighter metal elements and gaseous element in the Earth’s core-mantle-crust. This is itself manifested as the acceleration of density-decreasing radioactive decay and solid metal elements’ collective transmutation into gaseous elements in a process occurring within the Earth’s core-mantle-crust. The collective density-decreasing changes of Earth’s particles in the microscopic world will inevitably lead to an increase in volume of the Earth’s core-mantle-lava in the macroscopic world and create the effect of mantle-lava expansion, which in turn intensifies the Earth’s plate tectonic movement.

 

The expansion of the Earth’s mantle-lava occurs through a process occurring in the period of sunspot maximum, called the periodical sunspot-related CTEB-conducted Earth mantle-lava expansion. The expansion of mantle-lava will intensify plate tectonic movement, leading to sudden gap widening between plates that increase the probability of volcanic eruptions, as well as leading to plates violently colliding with each other, increasing the occurrence probability of high magnitude earthquakes. This is why we commonly see violent volcanic eruptions and high magnitude Earthquakes occurring during the sunspot maximum period. From the atmosphere to the Van Allen Radiation Belt, the greater the mass-energy that the Sun returns to the Earth, the greater the energy carried by charged particle streams penetrating the magnetosheath into the Earth’s atmosphere, causing greater violent inter-particle collisions at the nucleon-atomic-molecular level. This has the effect of more oxygen atoms being photo-electrically ionized and split into helium and hydrogen, and more hydrogen atoms will be further ionized and split into protons and electrons in the Van Allen Radiation Belt.

 

Whilst the majority of heavier gas elements are being photoelectrically ionized and decomposed into lighter gas elements, some lighter elements can still transform into heavier elements. One example is that nitrogen-14 (mean density of 0.001251g/cm3) can transform into the heavier carbon-14 that has a mean density of 2.25g/cm3, so the various modes of nuclear transmutations can be classified into two types of nuclear transmutations, i.e. density-increasing nuclear transmutation and density-decreasing nuclear transmutation. Density-decreasing nuclear transmutation represents the long-term trend direction of Earth’s matter’s evolution. While density-increasing nuclear transmutation represents the existing short-term evolution status of Earth’s matter. Due to the law of positive-correlated Earth-Sun non-equivalent mass-energy exchange and the law of synchronized matter integration-condensation and disintegration-diffusion, the process of density-decreasing nuclear transmutation and of density-decreasing nuclear transmutation are a synchronized single process which shows its bi-directionality and instantaneity. This means that the process of one heavier element being photoelectrically ionized and disintegrated/diffused into a lighter element and the process of one lighter element being de-ionized and integrated/condensed into a heavier element will happen at the same time. This is called the co-existence of bi-directionality and instantaneity in the synchronized process of matter’s integration/condensation and disintegration/diffusion. At this point, during the sunspot maximum period, the heavier oxygen will be photo-electrically ionized and disintegrated into lighter hydrogen/helium, while the lighter nitrogen-14 will be simultaneously photo-electrically de-ionized and integrated/condensed into heavier carbon-14 through the mechanism of cosmic rays colliding with nitrogen-14.

 

When trying to understand why the probabilities of violent volcanic eruptions and high magnitude Earthquakes occurring will be largely increased during the sunspot maximum period, or why violent geomagnetic storms, the intensified aurora effect, and the intensified energy increasing effect in the Van Allen Radiation Belt occur, the explanation must be based on a deep understanding of the laws of star-planet co-evolution, especially regarding the law of positively-correlated Sun-Earth mass-energy exchange and the principle of the macroscopic CTEB system controlling the microscopic QTEB system. From this physical basis, all the types of natural phenomena that occur on both the Sun and Earth will be adequately understood in a fundamental way.

 

In Ju’s co-evolution theory, the sunspot’s maximum period, or solar maximum period, is generally treated as when the total volume of mass-energy exchanged between Sun and Earth or other planets periodically surges to a peak volume due to the law of positive-correlated mass-energy exchange between star and planets. (For greater detail see the section regarding the hadronic-hole-puncture mechanism, which describes how Earth-fired hadronic jets pierce the Sun’s photosphere envelope and puncture holes on its near-Earth side, thus creating Sunspot events, and the principle of positively-correlated mass-energy exchange between Sun and Earth).

 

The added “bonus” of understanding the bi-directionality and instantaneity that are expressed in the process of the CTEB-governed density-decreasing (mass-reduction) nuclear transmutation naturally occurring on Earth, is that we use can use this principle to explain the formation of Earth’s water within the single framework of the laws of Sun-planet co-evolution. In this case, we have derived three standard steps to explain the formation of Earth’s water:

 

(1)   The formation of Earth’s water is essentially the consequence of Earth-Sun interaction based on Earth-Sun non-equivalent mass-energy exchange. In other words, The Earth’s water is a byproduct of Earth-Sun’s non-equivalent mass-energy exchange, or more simply put, the water molecules that formed on Earth are the result of the co-evolution of Sun and Earth upon the large scale formation of gas elements through core-to-atmosphere (uranium-to-hydrogen) density-decreasing trended nuclear transmutation, including the formation of oxygen and hydrogen, whilst the water molecules that formed on other planets are the result of co-evolution of the Sun and other planets. Due to the existence of the core-to-atmosphere density-decreasing nuclear transmutation chain, in the Earth-Sun system, the formation of Earth’s water cannot be treated as the result of Earth’s independent activity that bears no relation to the Sun. In other words, the emergence of water molecules on Earth, along with the emergence of it’s composing elements—oxygen and hydrogen, are essentially products of the Earth-Sun’s interaction (the co-work of Sun and Earth), due to the naturally occurring physical process by which solid metal elements are collectively transformed into gas elements, governed by the law of synchronous decay of the basic planetary parameters.

 

(2)   The premise of understanding the origin of Earth’s water is the understanding of the formation of the various stable isotopes of oxygen and of hydrogen. So, the key steps to solve the mystery of Earth’s water formation is to solve the mystery of the source of terrestrial gas elements, i.e. we must understand how the terrestrial gas elements that emerged on both Earth’s crust and its atmosphere formed, before we understand the origin of Earth’s water. 

 

In modern astrophysiology, all ideas regarding the formation of the Sun, Earth (including all Solar System’s planets), and of the entire Solar System are based on the highly speculated Big Bang cosmology and its updated Nebular Hypothesis—the Protoplanetary model. In this physical scenario, the lightest five elements: Hydrogen, helium, lithium, beryllium, and boron are thought to be created by so-called Big Bang nucleosynthesis, while all other heavy elements, including oxygen, nitrogen, argon, etc, that are listed on our chemical periodic table, are thought to be created by stellar nucleosynthesis in the first and second generations of stars, and the primary source of the Sun’s energy comes from the fusion of hydrogen into helium through the so-called CNO cycle nuclear fusion mechanism. However in Ju’s co-evolution theory, we firstly believe that the Big Bang theory is the most fallacious theory in the history of science simply because it is full of incorrect cosmic perspectives. Secondly, the so-called four evidences: the Hubble red-shift, cosmic background microwave radiation, hydrogen abundance, and the isotropic property of space can all be treated as incorrect interpretations of natural evidences (see section for defects of the Big Bang Hypothesis). The study show that the lightest five elements are not necessarily produced by Big Bang nucleosyntheis, but can be produced at any time in the evolution of stellar system through the mechanism of the naturally occurring hadron colliding process by planet-fired density-increasing hadronic jet-injection and the bi-directional nuclear transmutation mechanism—mass-gain/mass-loss nuclear transmutation. Ju’s co-evolution theory believes that all elements listed on our chemical periodic table can be fully produced in just one single-binary-single cycle (SBS model). In this physical scenario, all heavy metal elements are produced by the star-planet co-created superpower hadron colliding mechanism by which all planets inject their lance-shaped density-increasing hadronic jets into the star-core where they collide with each other and create heavy metal elements. These freshly made heavy metal elements will be simultaneously condensed into the bodies of star-core-gestated embryonic metallic caryospheres and enable these metallic caryospheres (grape-cluster of metallic planetary embryos) to grow in mass until they become massively matured and are ejected out to local space to become newborn infant-planets during the course of a stellar-merger event. All planets are born by this unified astrophysical process. This means that all infant-planets have no gas elements in their rigid bodies or covering their surface as atmosphere, as they were born with purely heavy metal elements. the gas elements we see today on our Earth did not exist on infant-Earth as the infant-Earth was a highly condensed “metallic ball” with a much stronger magnetic field strength and a much higher rotational speed after it was ejected by its mother-component star of the previous merged parent binary system. The gas elements, including the oxygen and hydrogen that combine to form water molecules, are originally derived from heavy metal elements through the density-decreasing nuclear transmutation chain. This is manifested as the density-decreasing trended radioactive decay that naturally occurs in Earth’s crust and the photoelectric nuclear diffusion process that naturally occurs in Earth’s atmosphere, especially in the four-shell-stratified heterosphere at the upper atmosphere of the Earth where nitrogen-14 can transform into carbon-14, oxygen-15 and oxygen-16 through various modes of nuclear transmutations. The oxygen-16 can be photoelectrically broken down to neutral helium, neutral hydrogen and hydrogen ions through high-energy cosmic ray-colliding processes, or high-energy gamma-ray nuclear mass-injection. In turn, the neutral hydrogen and hydrogen ions that are retained in the hydrogen-shell can be further photoelectrically broken down to protons and electrons that are trapped within the Earth’s magnetic field together with solar wind-sourced electrically charged particles to form the Van Allen Radiation Belt, from where the protons, electrons and neutrinos will recombine to form hot neutrons at the outer edge of the magnetosheath (outer edge of bow shock) through the solar wind-magnetosheath colliding mechanism. Finally the hot neutrons will be condensed into high-energy motivated cold neutron streams and injected into the Sun-core to participate in the Sun-core-based hadron colliding process, which is the alternative physical mechanism thought to synthesize the heavy metal elements in the star-core. It should be noted that most of the protons, electrons/positrons and neutrinos that are trapped in the Van Allen Radiation belt originate from the Earth itself through the mechanism of cosmogenic hydrogen-spallation, rather than solely coming from solar wind. The traditional theory states that the protons and electrons trapped in the Earth’s magnetic field are solely from the solar wind. This is fundamentally incorrect, simply because this idea violates the law of Earth-Sun’s co-evolution.

 

The billion years of Earth’s evolution are essentially the physical process of density-decreasing nuclear transmutation in a process by which the heavy metal elements collectively diffusively transforming into lighter gas elements through various pathways. Oxygen and hydrogen, as the constituent gas elements of a water molecule, are byproducts of the density-decreasing nuclear transmutation mechanism working in the core-to-atmosphere nuclear transmutation chain, rather than being accreted from the primordial pre-solar nebular as initial raw materials.

 

   Those models that proposed the formational mechanism of Earth’s water collectively contain incorrect cosmological perspectives (such as Big Bang nucleosynthesis) and also violate the law of star-planet co-evolution, such as the comet-delivering theory which is based on an incorrect formational mechanism of comets. In Ju’s theory, the formation of comets and other types of asteroid is a unified astrophysical mechanism of dead-core-spallation: or The solar melting-ripping-blowing mechanism (SMRB). In this physical scenario, the various comets formed from synchronized physical processes, i.e. solar heat melting, then, solar magnetic field ripping, and finally solar wind’s blowing effect. In this physical process, the dead core of passed-away planets that died before Mercury were first melted into plasmatic material thanks to the law of planetary orbital decay – a subset of the law of synchronous decay of seven basic planetary parameters which includes the decay of planetary orbit –  when the orbit of the dead planet core decays to the point where it is close enough to the coronal sphere of the Sun for the million degree temperatures to melt any metallic materials into liquid-or-soft plasmatic status. Thus the metallic core of a dead planet will be totally melted into a liquid plasmatic status, and the strong magnetic field force will rip it up into fractional pieces—melted asteroid chunks. Next the strong solar wind will blow these ripped chunks away into different orbits to become different types of small bodies in the Solar System, with most of them becoming trapped as members of the asteroid belt within the region between Mars and Jupiter due to the predominate gravitational field of Jupiter, while others were blown away to the outer portions of the Solar System, such as the Kuiper belt and the Oort cloud to become short-period and long-period comets. This mechanism of cometary formation determined that comets can not be made of icy material, but instead, must be made of metallic and rocky materials. This renders the comet-delivering mechanism of Earth water formation to be incorrect. In many NASA-credited astronomic pictures, it shows that the various comets and asteroids are obviously made of rocky and metallic materials, instead of water-rich icy materials. Even if these rocky or metallic asteroid chunks do contain trace amount of mineral water, they will be totally ionized into atoms or subatomic particles when they dive into the Earth’s atmosphere by the violent frictional force-produced temperatures reaching tens of thousands of degrees Celsius, simply because the water molecules can not survive in such hot temperatures and such a strong terrestrial magnetic field. All these factors make the comet-delivering hypothesis apparently implausible. However ignoring this logic violates the laws of star-planet co-evolution. Essentially, the comet-delivering theory has been built upon the basis of an incorrect physical mechanism for planetary formation and cometary formation (see section regarding the formation of comets in chapter-2).

 

(3)   The major source pathway and the minor source pathway: In physical principle, once a large scale amount of oxygen and hydrogen emerged on Earth’s mantle-to-crust portion and in the Earth’s atmosphere, the formation of Earth’s water became possible. There are many different pathways for water molecules to form in both the Earth’s rigid body at the mantle-crust portion and the Earth’s upper atmosphere, especially in the regions that lie between the ozone layer and the entire troposphere. In the ozone layer, the high-energy ultraviolet rays that are absorbed by the ozone molecules will not only photoelectrically break the ozone molecules down into oxygen molecules and free oxygen atoms, but will also photoelectrically break down the oxygen ions into helium and hydrogen ions and even a certain amount of naked protons. The positively charged hydrogen ions will immediately combine with the negatively charged oxygen atoms to form water molecules, while the water molecules will combine with each other via hydrogen bonds to form water molecule bucky balls. Next, more and more small water molecule bucky balls will combine with each other by more weak hydrogen bonds to form larger water molecule bucky balls while they descend towards the lower troposphere, where the high-energy light flashes produced in summer thunder storms will not only photoelectrically combine small water molecules into large water molecule bucky balls to form rain drops, but will also break down the oxygen atoms into helium and hydrogen ions whilst simultaneously the hydrogen ions can combine with negatively charged oxygen to form “fresh water molecules”. This process also produces significant amounts of water molecules and rain drops. Of course, not 100% of the ozone sourced helium and hydrogen that is produced by the high-energy ultraviolet ray exerted photoelectric oxygen-disintegration process will become the constituent gas elements for forming water molecules in the ozone layer. Some of the helium atoms and hydrogen ions that are produced in the ozone layer by high-energy ultraviolet rays will keep moving upwards to the upper helium-shell and hydrogen-shell, because large amounts of the free oxygen atoms are being further photoelectrically broken down to helium and hydrogen ions in a process by which it consumes large amount of free oxygen atoms that are broken down from ozone molecules. After, the actual volume of the oxygen ozone molecules should be lot less than the theoretical calculations used in the traditional pure-oxygen cycle model would lead you to believe—, scientists have long failed to explain why in the pure oxygen-ozone cycle the theoretical calculation of the resulting ozone volume is far less than the factually measured ozone volume when using the pore-oxygen cycle model (the difference is twice the calculation result). Since the “oxygen-consuming” factors are not considered, scientists never have not yet considered that, during the process of the oxygen-ozone cycle, some of the free oxygen atoms that are produced from the high-energy ultraviolet breaking of ozone molecules are further photoelectrically broken down to helium and hydrogen ions, and some of this oxygen sourced helium/hydrogen will keep moving upward to the helium-shell and hydrogen-shell to fill the gap left by the hydrogen ions that are further photoelectrically broken down to protons and electrons which continue moving upwards to the Van Allen Radiation belt, while some of the “not-yet-freed oxygen atoms” will combine with the freshly-made hydrogen ions to form water moleclules that move down towards the troposphere and join other water moleclule bucky balls to form even larger ones through the flash light synthesis mechanism. All these “molecular oxygen-consuming” or “molecular oxygen-breaking” factors have yet to be considered by mainstream scientists while they carry out oxygen-ozone modeled calculations. This has led to a double disparity between the theoretical calculation and the factual result. If the oxygen-consuming or oxygen-breaking mechanism—the major source of the ozone layer occurring water formation mechanism – is verified, then major source water molecule synthesis along with the disparity of ozone production volume between the pure-oxygen cycle model theoretical calculation result and the factual result will be automatically solved (besides the explanation of halogens’ ozone-consuming mechanism).

 

This means that the summer season is actually the ideal time for the mass-production of Earth’s water.

 

Therefore, we assert that the photoelectric synthesis of water molecules in Earth’s atmosphere is the largest source of Earth water’s production. This is called the major source of water production or the major pathway of Earth’s water production. However, the minor source pathways for Earth’s water production are diversified, such as the ancient sulfide-dependent chemoautotrophic bacteria (purple sulfur bacteria) that fix carbon and synthesize the water as byproducts of the photosynthesis pathway (Cornell Van Niel,1930s), which produced a negligible amount of water molecules on ancient Earth. Furthermore, the widely seen combustion of hydrocarbons also produces a negligible amount of water molecules and a relatively large amount of carbon dioxide. In this physical-chemical process, we can see a clear density-decreasing nuclear transmutation chain occurring on carbon isotopes: During the combustion process, the heavier carbon-13 that is composed of methane or other types of hydrocarbons will radiate its mass-energy by emitting a single neutron to surrounding systems and convert itself into a lighter carbon-12 atom that composes carbon dioxide, while the lighter oxygen isomers that compose oxygen molecules will be transformed into heavier oxygen isomers that compose water molecules, so we assume that the oxygen isomers that compose water molecules are heavier than the oxygen isomers that compose oxygen gas molecules. In this case, carbon-13 to carbon-12 nuclear transmutation belongs to mass-defect (mass-reduction) or density-decreasing nuclear transmutation while the lighter oxygen isomers (composing oxygen gas) transform into slightly-heavier oxygen isomers (composition of water molecules) belonging to mass-gain or density-increasing nuclear transmutation. The latter case is an inverse-trending physical-chemical process that is opposite to the long-term trend of Earth’s evolution (long-term density-decrease and mass-reduction). Another negligible minor source pathway for water molecule formation that occurs in the organic world is the chemical energy promoted process of enzyme polypeptide synthesis, by which many amino acids are chemically combined to form polypeptide molecules through the dehydration synthesis mechanism in which one negatively charged OH- of amino acid A will combine with one positively charged H+ of amino acid B to form one water molecule.

The production of Earth’s water is essentially a physical-chemical process co-created by both Earth and Sun. It is the result of the Earth-Sun’s CTEB system-conducted non-equivalent mass-energy exchange activity.

 

Together with all other natural phenomena, natural processes and events that happen on Earth or in the Sun, the process of the formation of Earth’s water itself, as a physical-chemical process occurring in microscopic QTEB systems, is essentially the consequence of Earth-Sun interaction based on CTEB-conducted Earth-Sun non-equivalent mass-energy exchange.

 

About the single-binary-single model (SBS)

 

 The single-binary-single model (SBS) dictates that the evolution of a stellar system and the evolution of a galactic system in our universe follow a unified single-binary-single law. The process of a stellar-merger event and a galactic merger event are both governed by the universal law of synchronized merge-ejection. In both the Sun’s core and the galactic center, there are a clutch of high-density metallic caryospheres forming and growing in mass through the unified mechanism of Synchronized Superpower Hadron Colliding and Neutronized Degenerate Accretion (Syn-SHC & NDA). The only difference between the two is the mass-energy scale and the density gradient. The means the metallic caryospheres that are formed in the galactic center are far more massive and dense than the metallic caryospheres that are formed in the star-core. In this physical scenario, all single star systems and all spiral galaxy systems can be collectively treated as a sort of superpowered hadron colliding system in which the heavy metal elements are synthesized, and the “freshly synthesized” heavy nucleons are condensed into the bodies of high density caryospheres of various mass-energy scales and density levels. When these metallic caryospheres grow in mass to their massively matured phase, they will be ejected out into local space by their parent component star or by their parent component galaxy system during stellar merger or galactic merger events, governed by the unified mechanism of synchronized merge-ejection. The ejected caryospheres will become a clutch of newborn infant-planets, a clutch of white dwarfs and black dwarfs, or even the far denser neutron stars.  

 

As in the case of the formation and evolution of the Solar System, the SBS model requires that Sun-planet mass-energy exchange must follow a non-equivalent exchange principle, but how could that be the case for a planet which always gives out a greater volume of mass-energy to the Sun than the volume of mass-energy it receives back? The answer is density difference. It means that, in each mass-energy exchange session, the mean density of mass-energy that is carried by planet-fired lance-shaped density-increasing hadronic jets into the Sun’s core (termed planetary hadronic jet injection), collectively known as the planet-fired neutronized condensing particle stream, is far denser than the mean-density of mass-energy that is carried by Sun-emitted diffusive electric charged particle streams (known as the Sun-emitted diffusive protonized particle stream). In the Earth-Sun system, such a density difference between the Earth-fired density-increasing hadronic jets and Sun-emitted diffusive density-decreasing solar wind can be physically confirmed. In many NASA-credited astronomic pictures, we can clearly observe that the mean density of the Earth-fired lance-shaped hadronic jets’ mass-energy is far denser than that of the Sun-emitted diffusive solar wind. Sometimes, during the solar maximum period, the density of mass-energy carried by Earth-fired lance-shaped density-increasing hadronic jets is so high that the entire photosphere envelope of the Sun can be completely shot through from its near-Earth side to its far-Earth side, creating a chain of bright-yellow colored solar flare spots that appear in a straight line exactly matching the line of the pipe-shaped Earth-Sun-connected CTEB system. Termed the photospheric-piecing effect, it only occurs during the solar maximum period and is observable to space-based astronomic instruments within the scope of the Earth-Sun system along with two other similar photospheric-effects—the photospheric-cutting effect and the photospheric-splashing effect, as well as the well-stratified asteroid sparse region that is located close to the Sun and the asteroid crowded region which is far from the Sun, plus the geomagneto-sailing effect that is created by solar wind and manifests as the deformation of the magnetosheath (a misleading term for this effect is bow shock). Through co-evolution law based analysis and evidence cross-proving, we have derived a set of new principles and alternative mechanisms to re-explain the source of the Sun’s power, the mechanism of heavy metal elements production, and the formation of sunspots. Furthermore, we have derived an alternative force-balancing mechanism to re-explain the precise balance of planetary orbits upon the explanations of the aforementioned physical effects:

 

(1)                      The three major photospheric-effects: The photospheric-piercing effect, the photospheric-cutting effect and the photospheric-splashing effect

 

All are created by a unified mechanism –three energy level planetary hadronic jet injection – in which the Earth-fired lance-shaped density-increasing hadronic jets shoot through the Sun’s relatively thin photosphere envelope (compared with its 780,000 km diameter). The photospheric-piecing effect represents when the energy level of the Earth-fired hadronic jets reaches their maximum level. The photospheric-splashing effect represents when the energy level of the Earth-fired hadronic jets are at a medium level, and finally the photospheric-cutting effect represents when the energy level of the Earth-fired hadronic jets are at their lowest level. Beside the obvious physical implication i.e. that the high energy density of the Earth-fired hadronic jets enabling the Earth to transfer a far greater volume of mass-energy into the Sun’s core than that of the mass-energy returned by the Sun, the photospheric-splashing effect and photospheric-cutting have greater value as evidence to prove a set of new planetary motion laws —Ju’s four laws of planetary motion (see section regarding Ju’s four laws of planetary motion). This is due to the fact that the photospheric-splashing effect that makes the symmetric edges of the funnel-shaped photospheric-splashing effect on the surface of the Sun’s photosphere suggests that the Earth-fired lance-shaped hadronic jets have exceptionally high spin speed, working similar to a high speed spinning drill boring a hole into a wall, while the lateral image of the photospheric-splashing effect created by planet-fired hadronic jets fired from other planets’ directions is hard evidence to prove the fact that the planets’ orbits do not exist on the same plane. The orbital rings of two adjacent planets are orthogonally crossed-over each other with their hypothetical orbital rings’ axes in a state of dynamic orthogonal axial intersection. Altogether, the orbital rings of all system’s planets jointly create a spherically shaped orbital ring-cross-ball. The multiple levels of overlapping interactions between Sun-ejected protonized particle streams and the magnetized wind derived from this ring-crossed net-ball structure would altogether create an ovary-shaped magnetic-heliosheath that surrounds the entire Solar System, with many Sun-sized magneto-heliosheath-pores evenly distributed on the surface of the heliosheath.  The photospheric-cutting effect is a group of Earth-sized, deep cuts that appear on the near-Earth side of the Sun’s photosphere envelope that are observable to land-based astronomic telescopes. It’s appearance suggests that, because of the Earth’s revolving motion, the Earth-fired high energy-density hadronic jets work like shifting laser beams cutting a few deep incisions on the surface of the Sun’s photosphere envelope. However, some photospheric cuts are parallel to each other, whilst others are orthogonally intersected with each other, suggesting that not all photospheric cuts observed from Earth-based astronomic telescopes are made by Earth-fired hadronic jets. Some may have been made by other outer Solar System planets that moved to regions of space just behind Earth, their hadronic jets may entangle with Earth-fired hadronic jets to form a combined stabbing force that makes more cuts on the near-Earth side of solar photosphere. (see Ju’s four new laws of planetary motion).

 

The aforementioned three major photospheric effects (the photospheric-splashing effect in particular) suggests that the mechanism for the Sun to produce its energy and synthesize heavy elements in its core is a plausible hadron colliding mechanism that is co-created by both Sun and planets, called the Sun-planet co-created superpower hadron collider mechanism (SPCC-SHC) or star-planet co-created superpower hadron collider mechanism, as opposed to the hydrogen-to-helium nuclear fusion reaction described in the Nebular Hypothesis. In the process of SPCC-SHC, all orbiting planets will directly inject their lance-shaped hadronic jets into the Sun’s core from different directions, creating a primary hadron colliding process on the surface of the Sun’s photosphere envelope and a secondary hadron colliding process in the Sun’s core. Both primary and secondary hadron colliding processes can create all kinds of heavy metal elements that are listed in our current chemical periodic table and can possibly create some super heavy elements far heavier than Uranium that condense into the bodies of Sun-core-gestated metallic caryospheres. Light gas elements are collectively treated as byproducts of the physical process of density-decreasing nuclear transmutation that occurs on Earth and on other planets, because all planets posses an invisible core-mantle-crust-atmosphere nuclear diffusive transmutation chain in both their rigid body and their stratified atmospheric layers and planetary radiation belt. This means that all kinds of light gas elements including hydrogen and helium that exist here on Earth or on any other planet in our Solar System are derived from the heavy metal elements that compose the planets themselves, rather than accreted and captured from the interstellar medium. In other words, generally speaking, all kinds of elements that feature in our chemical periodic table can be fully produced in just one complete single-binary-single cycle of a stellar system’s evolution, rather than being produced from so-called Big Bang nucleosynthesis and the so-called first/second generations of stellar systems. Philosophically speaking, all kinds of elements or nuclei can be collectively treated as a matter’s diffusion or condensation status or the motion-changing status at the nucleon-atomic mass-energy scale level. The process of such a matter’s diffusion-condensation status is governed by the Sun-Planet’s CTEB-conducted non-equivalent mass-energy exchange activity, with heavy element nucleosyntheis occurring in the Sun’s core and the solid metal element to gas element diffusive nuclear transmutation chain occurring on planets. The key defects of the Big Bang nucleosynthesis theory, or generalized stellar nucleosynthesis theory is that their core thought treats elements as a non-variable constant state of matter, assuming that a given hydrogen atom or given nucleon that had been synthesized 13-15 billion years ago can still exist up to the present time. Although scientists have developed a well-defined and well-described radioactive theory, in which the heavier-denser metal elements can spontaneously decay to lighter-less-dense elements through density-decreasing nuclear transmutation, and lighter elements decay to heavier elements through density-increasing nuclear transmutation. However, when involving this in modeling astrophysical theory, the five lightest Big Bang nucleosynthesized elements (hydrogen, helium, lithium, beryllium, and boron) plus some isotopic heavy metal elements produced by the stellar neucleosynthesis of what are called the first and second generations of stellar systems, such as iron-60, uranium-238/235 and thorium-234/230 are collectively treated as a type of non-variable state of matter. Such an apparent inconsistency between astrophysical theory and particle physics, or the paradox of particles’ decay and elements’ non-transmutation, that widely exists in all kinds of basic physical systems is derived from one common mistake made by scientists who have not yet deeply understood the laws of star-planet co-evolution and have yet to realize the implication of the full-interaction principle. That is, the processes of creation and transmutation of elements have not yet been treated as a single synchronized physical process of the formation and evolution of star and planets. In the Big Bang nucleosynthesis theory, the hydrogen/helium that are thought to be created in the tens of minutes following the Big Bang were collectively treated as sort of long-lived and non-decayable nuclei (non-aging paradox), a given stable isotope of hydrogen/helium, or a given proton that can survive 137 billion years without any change/aging, neither decreasing nor increasing in abundance. This is absolutely astounding: while the decay of heavy radioactive elements to lighter elements through various decay models strongly suggests that the elements, be it the lightest or heaviest naturally occurring radioactive elements, are all variable matter that can be created at any time in any single star system through the star-planet co-created superpower hadron mechanism. Some metallic elements that are even heavier than uranium/osmium/iridium can be created in any galactic center of matured galaxy system, such as our Milky Way galaxy, through the “double-hole structured super-symmetric dual-energy-conversion and superpower hadron colliding system”—the physical system of everything. In the case of the Earth system, it is a confirmable fact that helium in the form of helium gas can be largely produced in Earth’s mantle-crust portion by means of uranium’s alpha decay and gamma decay: The alpha particles (Helium nuclei) that are emitted by uranium-238 during the process of alpha decay will immediately capture free electrons from surrounding system to become helium gas. (should explain to Arthur). Most hydrogen atoms that remain in the hydrogen-shell are produced through helium-core-spallation or helium-core-breaking by high-energy cosmic ray bombardment or the atmospheric cosmic-ray colliding mechanism. All these various pathways of hydrogen/helium creation strongly suggests that the lightest five elements are not necessary being created by the highly-speculated and yet non-confirmable Big Bang nucleosynthesis. All these incorrect cosmological perspectives that have long been established in our mind and those astrophysics models that have been built upon a set of incorrect cosmological perspectives are “twin fallacies” misleading us in a direction far from the truth. We must understand that the processes of element-production and nuclear transmutation and the processes of the celestial systems’ formation and evolution are fully synchronized into a unified physical process which cannot be treated as separate natural process or events. At this point, the Big Bang nucleosynthesis makes two fundamental mistakes:

 

(1) the lightest five elements and their constituent primordial nuclei were synthesized by Big Bang nucleosynthesis before all other heavy elements were synthesized by the first and second generations of stars, this means that the universe created the lightest five elements first before making stellar and galactic systems, and that all the elements heavier than boron are the byproducts of stellar evolution. In this physical scenario, the creation of so-called primordial nuclei and of the lightest five elements was thought to have taken place before the formation of various celestials systems. This is fundamentally incorrect, as in fact the process of elements’ synthesis, transmutation and the process of the formation and evolution of celestial systems are fully synchronized physical processes. Ju’s theory states that all kinds of elements listed in our periodic table can fully produced in just one single-binary-single cycle of stellar system’s evolution.

 

(2) Another fundamental mistake made by Big Bang nucleosynthesis theory is that all planets are thought to have had no participation in the process of elements production and transmutation. In Big Bang cosmology based astrophysics, the planets are thought to have nothing to do with the process of creation and transmutation of chemical elements. However in Ju’s co-evolution theory, the process of the creation and transmutation of all elements, the creation and transmutation of the subatomic particles, the resulting products co-produced by both star and planets through their co-created superpower hadron collider mechanism during the process of their non-equivalent mass-energy exchange and the process of the formation and evolution of celestial systems (including stellar system and galactic systems) are fully synchronized into one unified physical process termed as the astro-particle-physicsal process (APPP). or simply coin a new name for this unified discipline as the astroparticlephysics. To avoid aforementioned two fundamental mistakes. (wasn’t sure again by Arthur).

 

In this physical scenario, we have reached three conclusions regarding the mechanism for the Sun’s energy production and Sun-core-based but star-planet co-participated nucleosynthesis:

 

(1) The process of heavy element nucleosynthesis along with the Sun’s energy production is essentially the process of non-equivalent Sun-planet mass-energy exchange, colloquially speaking, the production of light and heavy elements and the production and releasing of solar energy is the result of Sun-planet interaction. All viewpoints and conclusions derived from the physical processes have to be consistent with the core thought of star-planet co-evolution, otherwise these viewpoints or conclusions will be proved fundamentally incorrect so long as they violate the laws of star-planet co-evolution. I.e. the Sun’s energy production, heavy elements synthesis, and all kinds of solar activities are treated as independent activity performed by the Sun itself.

 

(2)  The mechanism of nucleosynthesis along with the Sun’s energy production is the hadron collider mechanism, rather than the so-called hydrogen-to-helium nuclear fusion reaction and the hydrogen-fusion-based CNO cycle.

 

(3)   The raw materials that used by the Sun to synthesize heavy metal elements are mainly from the subatomic particle-mixed hadronic jets along with a minor portion of plasmatic materials from the Sun (mainly melted metal oxides), rather than hydrogen/helium. According to the single-binary-single model (SBS) described process of synchronized merge-ejection, the initial materials that made up the infant-Sun are the heavy plasmatic materials mainly composed of plasmatic iron-family heavy metal elements along with their metal oxides. Generally speaking, the primordial materials that made up the Sun are melted liquid metals (mainly iron, nickle, cobalt, uranium), rather than hydrogen/helium. The infant-Sun does not possess a supermassive hydrogen-inventory in any form. The matter making up the current Sun is the mixed material of the planet-fired subatomic hadronic jets that have been constantly injecting into the Sun’s core and the melted plasmatic material of heavy metal elements that make up the Sun’s photosphere envelope. The Sun’s so-called supermassive hydrogen inventory as stated by the Nebular Hypothesis never existed.

 

In 2008, R. Tylenda’s team at Copernicus Astronomic Center of Poland measured a group of metallic oxides in the molecular cloud ejected during the process of the V1309 Scorpii stellar-merger event (Tylenda et al. 2008), which indicated that the molten plasmatic materials composing the merged single star are very heavy. In other words, if plasmatic fusion is the correct physical mechanism for the Sun to form, then the initial raw materials that made up the infant-Sun can not be hydrogen. In many NASA-credited videos, we see those plasmatic materials that are ejected up to tens of thousands of kilometers altitudes can drop back into the solar photospheres during the process of coronal mass ejection (CME), suggesting that these ejected plasmatric materials are extremely heavy, even heavier than the melted liquid iron in steel-making furnace. Hydrogen/helium or other types of gaseous materials can never drop back in such a hot environment. Even though these raw materials might contain trace amounts of heavy hydrogen isotopes like deuterium and tritium, that still does mean our Sun possesses a super massive hydrogen inventory. If the Sun does not have a massive hydrogen inventory, then the physical basis of hydrogen-to-helium fusion mechanism will be fundamentally incorrect.

 

(4)   The asteroid sparse region and the asteroid crowded region in the Earth-Sun system and the geomagnetic sailing effect:

 

In our solar system, any solid metal and rocky planetary object can reflect visible light emitted from the Sun. In the inner solar system, particularly within the scope of the Earth-Sun system, asteroid chunks that reflect visible light show themselves as groups of bright spots distributed in the local space between the Sun and Earth, therefore the greater the number of bright spots, the larger the amount of asteroid chunks hovering in the local space within the scope of the Earth-Sun system, or the local space between Earth and the Sun. NASA-credited pictures show that in the local space between the Earth and Sun there are tiny bright spots in the area near the Sun’s side. Crowded in the space close to the Earth-side are many bright spots that indicate that a far greater number of asteroid chunks are concentrated at the Earth-side, creating two well-stratified areas—the asteroid sparse region and the asteroid crowded region. The best explanation is that strong solar wind can blow these asteroid chunks in the direction of the outer Solar System, leaving very little to no asteroid chunks in orbit around the near-Sun region, since, in the near-Sun region the energy density carried by solar wind is far greater than the region that is far away from the Sun. The asteroid sparse region covers almost over 2/3 of the area between the Sun and Earth. As the energy density of the solar wind diffusively decreases, the momentum of the out-blowing asteroid chunks is reduced, while the gravity force of the Earth’s gravity field becomes stronger, next, more and more asteroid chunks are captured by Earth’s gravitational field, resulting in more asteroid chunks populating the region close to Earth’s-side, and creating an asteroid crowded region. This indicates that the main force factor that the Sun produces is not gravity, but the expansion/repulsive force that is carried by out-blowing solar wind. The gravity force that fixes the Earth in orbit around the Sun is mediated by the Earth-Sun-bonded CTEB system. The Earth-Sun-bonded CTEB system works like a heavy-duty line kite string: When solar wind blows on the magnetosheath of the Earth and heavily deforms it, thus creates a magnetic-sailing effect which effectively increases the force affection on the cross-section area of the Earth’s magnetosheath and pushes out the Earth in it’s orbit around the Sun (note: the concept of bow shock is a misleading and incorrect concept). Thus, Ju’s co-evolution theory proposes a new force-balancing mechanism to explain the precisely balanced planetary orbits: In the case of the Earth-Sun system, the combined force factors from both Earth’s angular momentum-produced centrifugal force and the solar wind carried repulsive force cancel out the CTEB-mediated gravitational drag force to create a precisely balanced orbit for the Earth. While in the outer Solar System, the centrifugal force that is produced by high angular momentum becomes more significant as the solar wind carried push-out force becomes far weaker than it is in the inner Solar System, yet the gravitational pull still originates from the CTEB-mediated drag force.

 

 

In principle, the aforementioned alternative mechanism of the Sun’s initial formation and of the Sun’s energy production created an alternative force-balancing mechanism to explain the balanced planetary orbits and paved the way for building a new model to explain the formation and evolution of our Solar System.

 

Chapter 2

The formation and evolution of the Solar System

 

Ju’s co-evolution theory states that our Solar System formed from a series of stellar-merger events, say, dozens of previously merged parent binary systems had involvment in the early construction of the infant Solar System, rather than one event of gravitational collapse of the so-called pre-solar nebular. The basic mechanism by which the Sun formed is plasmatic-fusion: In the process of a stellar-merger event, the outer layer plasmatic materials of both parent component stars fuse together, coalescing to form a newborn single star, the infant-Sun. While the basic mechanism through which the planets were born is caryosphere-ejection, in which one of the component stars which has a clutch of massively matured metallic caryospheres gestated in its core, termed the female-component star in laboring-phase, would eject its billion-year-gestated high-density metallic caryospheres out of its photosphere envelope and throw them into local space, giving birth to a clutch of newborn infant-planets and forming the various planets we see today in our Solar System. In this physical scenario, all planets, dwarf planets, and spherical moons we see today in our Solar System were first viviparously formed in the core of their parent stars as groups of high-density nearly pure metal-ball, rather than forming outside the core of their parent stars—accreting materials in the so-called protoplanetary discs surrounding the proto-star (according to the Protoplanet Hypothesis). The whole process of planetary formation from the original grain-sized planetary embryo (tiny metallic caryospheres) to their final massively matured status preceding caryosphere-ejection entirely occurs in the star-core, and is called the viviparous principle of planetary formation. In this physical scenario, the process of star-core-based nucleosynthesis for the production of heavy metal elements and the star-core-based process of metallic planetary embryos’ growing in mass are totally synchronized into one holistic physical process with the astrophysical mechanism being co-created and participated by both star and it’s orbiting planets, rather than being done by star itself.

 

The process of caryosphere-ejection is powered by the 3-D spatial centrifugal force produced by the accelerating speed of the mutually-orbiting components, thanks to the conservation of angular momentum. As the spatial distance between two components decreases exponentially, the speed of the mutual-orbit also accelerates exponentially, meaning the order of the centrifugal force also increases exponentially. When such a spatial centrifugal force increases to a critical level, the process of caryosphere-ejection will be initiated. Because the baryonic axis of mutually-orbiting components is always in a flip-over status governed by the law of the synchronized spin-flip, the direction of the ejection-pore of the female-component star would dynamically change at any moment to any possible direction during the process of the components merging. In this physical scenario, a female-component star could eject its metal-caryospheres in all directions with an equal probability. This is called the principle of isotropic-ejection. This isotropic-ejection along with synchronized spin-flip motion is the physical basis that is necessary for the creation of an isotropic universal space. It is also a physical basis for the formation of the ovary-shaped magneto-heliosheath and of the hypothetic orbital ring-crossing ball. It means that if we placed the orbital rings of all planets together we would get a ring-crossed spherical shaped structure somewhat like a rubber-band ball, in which the two adjacent planets will have their hypothetical axes of their orbital rings remain in a dynamically orthogonal intersectional status. Altogether the orbital rings of all planets will be orthogonally crossed with each other to form a “rubber-band ball” like structure, which is called the 3-D orbital ring-crossed spherical structure, instead of 2-D concentric orbital plane. In this physical scenario, we assert that the widely accepted idea of all the orbits of a system’s planets occupying the same plane in a concentric arrangement is not the case. The orbital rings of two adjacent planets will not form disc-like concentric circles, but instead will form a three-dimensional ring-crossed net-ball with an in-out orbital-switch occurring at the 180 degree line. Thus, the eccentricity of planetary orbits should not be explained as the planets having “elliptical orbits”, but instead, should be explained as all planets possessing a near circular orbital ring with two adjacent orbital rings undergo an orbital-switching process at the 180 degree line, termed the intrinsic planetary orthogonal orbital-switching effect which is produced by the interplaying effects of combined force factors, including the internal Solar System’s gravity-repulsive interaction force and the interstellar gravity-repulsive interaction force (mainly originating from the galactic center). Therefore, the correct explanation of the high-eccentricity of some planets should be the principle of planetary orthogonal orbital-switching at the 180 degree line – based on the fact that planetary orbit is nearly circular rather than elliptical. The orbital-switch effect is a better solution to solve the eccentricity problem, as opposed to making the nearly circular planetary orbit an elliptical deformation. Furthermore, the “high-eccentricity of comets” should be explained as the suction effect of the radial magnetic vortex that is created both by planetary gravitational interaction and the dynamic planetary orbital-ring-switching effect. The great regularity of the occurrence of comet events should be explained through the even distribution of cometary objects in our Solar System and the great regularity of planetary orbits, because these periodically form radial magnetic vortexes created by the planetary orbital-ring-switch effect and orbital interactions. The orderly formed radial magnetic vortex works like a black-hole that will periodically suck cometary objects into the vortex center when these objects pass near the edge of the vortex opening. Once the cometary objects are sucked into the magnetic vortex, they will be drawn in the direction of the Sun-core, then, the cometary objects will be completely evaporated into various sized particles, ranging from grain-sized small chunks to dust particles over the course of friction burn caused by out-streaming solar wind. leaving it with no large chunks remaining on its dive into the Sun’s atmosphere. In this physical scenario, the cometary objects that appeared in previously occurring long-term comet events, such as Halley’s comet are not actually the same object at all, but different cometary objects with approximately equal body mass and body-size leading to almost even lengths and widths of comet tails and manifested in similar spectroscopic colours (blue and white). In principle, a single cometary object that has a vary limited body mass but could endlessly undergo several thousand times repeated friction burn events and can still survive with a negligible body-mass-reduction is absolutely astounding and implausible. No matter how precisely astrophysists perform their “precise” orbital calculations in trying to explain the so-called eccentricity of cometary orbits, if the physical mechanism of cometary formation that they proposed is fundamentally incorrect, then such a “precise calculation” is meaningless (for detail see sector of new mechanism of cometary formation).

 

The basic mechanism by which the Solar System initially formed is magnetic-integration, i.e. the entanglement and intercutting of magnetized quantum streams based on the principle of orthogonal axial intersection, by which the magnetized quantum streams and the magnetic field lines of the infant-Sun and of its contemporary infant-planets that were ejected in the nearby space will be automatically entangled and intercut with each other, forming a 1-on-1 radial configured Sun-planet-connected Celestial Tunneling Electromagnetic Bond systems (CTEB) by which the central Sun and its orbiting planets are gravitationally bound together with the CTEB-mediated gravity-repulsive interaction force, meanwhile, the Sun-ejected diffusive charged particle streams that are carried by solar wind would intercut with the quantized electromagnetic streams that are carried by the magnetized wind generated from the interactions of magnetic fields of planets in different orbits. Altogether, the combined Sun-to-planet electromagnetic interaction and the planet-to-planet electromagnetic interaction would have created an magneto-heliosheath with magneto-heliosheath-pores evenly distributed on the skin that wraps the entire Solar System, making the Solar System a relatively independent, isolated and yet an open system. Thus we have two basic confirmable infrastructures of the Solar System:

 

The first infrastructure is the 1-on-1 radial configured Sun-planet-connected CTEB systems by which the central Sun and its orbiting planet are gravitationally bound together to form a holistic star-planet co-evolution system in which the Sun and planets are able to perform their non-equivalent mass-energy exchange activities through the CTEB-hosted bi-directional flowing particle streams running back and forth between Sun and planets

.

The second infrastructure is the ovary-shaped magneto-heliosheath that wraps the entire Solar System into a relatively isolated independent system, and protects the system’s members from attack by violent high-energy cosmic rays. However, the Solar System is not an absolutely isolated (or closed) system; it is an open system simply because there is no absolute closed system in our universe. All evolutionary systems are open systems that keep exchanging mass-energy with the outside environment or with another coupled system. The magneto-heliosheath, as one of the by-products of Sun-planet electromagnetic interaction, will produce another two secondary physical structures: (1) the Sun-sized magneto-heliosheath-pores, these giant pores that are evenly distributed on the surface of the magneto-heliosheath work like an opening of the Solar System’s respiratory system, enabling the system to inhale and exhale quantized mass-energy from outside interstellar mediums or exchange information with the outside interstellar environment. (2) the compound radial-direction magnetic vortex-tunneling convection system (CRMVTC) in which bi-directional flowing electromagnetic streams are hosted and the vortex-induced density-increasing hadronic current flows towards the center of the Sun (inverse solar wind vortex currents with the opposite flowing direction to solar wind carried diffusive-protonized particle streams), altogether create a radial-direction vortex convection system, also called the Solar System’s internal magnetic black-hole-energy and white-hole-energy coupled convection system, or the Solar System’s internal double-hole structured dual-energy conversion and convection system.  

 

The sun-sized magneto-heliosheath-pore structure, along with its internal vortex-induced bi-directional flowing electromagnetic streams that carry the bi-directional suction-blowing forces, will enable the entire Solar System to inhale and exhale mass-energy from the outside interstellar environment and also enable the Solar System exchange its mass-energy with the nearest stellar system—the Proxima Centauri system, according to the single-binary-single model, all single star systems can be treated as the component star system of a distant binary system in which the two distant single star systems will physically interact with each other and finally evolve to be a contact binary system as the distance between the two decreases. If an observer viewed our Solar System from a very distant mass-point he would find that our Solar System and the nearest Proxima system are actually a pair of distant binary systems in which the two stellar systems are physically interacting with each other, with each respective rotational axis in a dynamic orthogonal intersection status, called the distant physical Solar-Proxima binary system.

 

There are a dozens of previously merged parent binary systems had involved in the early formation of the Solar System, however, it is impossible to determine exactly how many previously merged parent binary system had involved in the early construction of the infant Solar System, the only thing we do is doing the approximate estimation by using the number of known planets plus known number of dwarf planets plus some massive and spherical moons, that number might be 10-20 something, since we have the 8 known planets, each of which has its unique chemical-physical properties, then we assume that there might be 8 massive binary systems had ejected more than 8 massive embryonic metallic caryospheres out into local space, forming a dozen of  planets, but some of them already died before Mercury and their dead core had been melted and ripped up into debris and being blow away into different regions to form various Small Solar System’s bodies (SSSb), including long-period and short-period comets, while few massive Dwarf planets might also be the metallic caryospheres ejected by their parent binary systems, there might be two previously merged parent binary systems had involved in the formation of the Earth-moon system, the Earth was the bigger metallic caryosphere that was ejected by one pair of bigger parent binary system, while the moon was a smaller metallic caryosphere  that was ejected by one pair of smaller parent binary systems, because the two parent binary systems had merged about the same period, the two metallic caeyospheres had been ejected into the same local space, once the two ejected metallic caryospheres approaching to each other, their early strong magnetic field lines would entangle with each other, produced a strong entanglement gravitational pull effect, which would bond the infant-Earth and infant-moon together to form a body-to-body fiction-touch space relationship and keep their rotational axes staying in a orthogonal intersection status, such an orthogonal axial intersection configuration does not change while the zero-inch body-to-body fiction-touching space relationship have changed a lot up to present 380,000 km with annual lunar-recession rate of 38 cm, the physical mechanism of lunar recession is due to the law of synchronous decay of seven basic planetary parameters. as the masses and magnetic fields of both planetary objects have been synchronously decayed, the magnetic entanglement-pull effect are weakening, therefore, we can use both Newton’s gravity law plus  the new law of gravity production to physically explain the lunar recession phenomena. The significant chemical-physical property dissimilarity between Earth and Moon can be well-explained with the two-parent-binary principle like two kids were born from two couples. While the significant chemical-physical dissimilarity between planet and planet can be well-explained with many-binary principle, by which more than 8 previously merged parent binary systems had given birth to the 8 infant-planets.       

 

According to the single-binary-single model, each single star system as a whole will evolve to be a component star with a clutch of massively matured metallic caryospheres gestated in its core when 99% of the its planetary system’s mass is transferred into the star-core, governed by the universal law of stellar-end mass-transference, according to the laws of synchronous evolution, when both the Solar System and the Proxima System undergo the same evolutionary process—stellar-end mass-transference, the distance between the two will shorten. This means that the evolutionary process of each single star system is synchronized with the evolutionary process of both single star systems’ coupled distant binary system. When each single star system as a whole evolves to be a component star with its planetary system’s mass transferred into its core and left with no remaining planetary objects in orbit around it, the spatial distance between two single star systems will shrink to a negligible length, thus, the original single star systems’ coupled distant physical binary system will synchronously evolve to be a contact binary system, coupled with two components stars that evolved from their parent single star systems. The distant binary system evolved contact binary system will end it’s evolutionary journey with a violent stellar-merger process by transferring its mass-energy to a next generation single star (infant-star) and next generation infant-planets by means of synchronized merge-ejection.  

 

In general, the core change of the Solar System is the change of the Solar System’s mass-distribution status as the system’s mass will be gradually transferred into the Sun’s core from planetary system, therefore, the evolutionary process of the Solar System can be treated as the process of the Solar System’s mass-redistribution (see section of new found laws and new found physical mechanisms). the law of stellar-end mass-transference and the law of planetary-end mass-transference are theoretically consistent with core thought of the Ju’s co-evolution theory. In this physical scenario, we assume that the infant-Sun was a Red Dwarf with much lower mean-temperature of its body, and much lower body mass, and much lower luminosity, scientist already calculated that the Sun’s luminosity will increase by 10% every billion years, it is kind of hard for us to make judgment if this luminosity-increasing rate is accurate or not, but the luminosity-increasing trend of the Sun is correct. However, the mechanisms of solar luminosity-increasing has different explanations, the traditional explanation is based on the Sun’s independent nuclear fusion reaction by burning the hydrogen fuel, while the explanation of Ju’s theory is based on the laws of star-planet co-evolution and the mechanism of Sun-planet’s co-created superpower hadron colliding, as more and more mass-energy has been transferred into the Sun’s core, the energy-density of the planet-fired hadronic jets that are constantly colliding on the Sun’s photosphere envelope becomes stronger and stronger, then both of the violate superficial hadron colliding effect and the photospheric electric-arc steel making effect will become stronger and stronger, thus, the luminosity of the Sun become increasingly higher with the passage of time.

 

The synchronized physical process of planetary formation and of heavy elements nucleosynthesis—the Syn-the SPCCSHC & NDA

 

The planetary formation, the heavy element nucleosynthesis, and the Sun’s energy production, are all in one synchronized and unified physical mechanism, called the star-planet co-created superpower hadron collider mechanism and the neutronization degenerate accretion (Syn-SPCCHC & NDA), in a single star system, like our Solar System, all planets are constantly firing their highly condensed hadronic jets to the Sun, and these planet-fired density-increasing hadronic jets will collide with the plasmatic materials of the Sun’s photosphere to create the primary hadron-collider mechanism and the highest energy portion of these planet-fired hadronic jets will penetrate the photosphere and meet in the Sun’s core, colliding with each other and create the secondary collider mechanism to create heavy atomic nucleus, synthesize large scale of heavy metal elements in the Sun ’s core. all these “fresh-made” heavy metal elements will simultaneously condense into the bodies of embryonic metallic caryospheres that have been gestated in the Sun’s core since its initial formation, enable these Sun-core-gestated metallic caryospheres grow in mass until they develop to their massively matured status for next carysphere-ejection event in 6-7 billion years from now. in Ju’s co-evolution theory, all single star systems in our universe are the star-planet co-created and star-core focused superpower hadron collider machines (SPCCSHC), in which the, all kinds of heavy metal elements that are listed in our chemical period table can be fully produced out just in one single-binary-single cycle. Similarly, all kinds of matured galaxy systems are the superpower symmetric hadron-collider system too, in the galactic center, there are plenty of super-heavy metallic elements that could be hundred times heavier than Os/Ir/U can be created, and these super heavy metallic elements will be condensed into bodies of supermassive black-caryosphere that will be ejected out to local space to become a supermassive neutron star when our Milky Way Galaxy merging with the Andromeda Galaxy in next 4-10 billion years. So, the evolution of our Solar System and the evolution the Milky Way Galaxy system are fully synchronized astrophysical process.

 

The Earth-Sun system is an ideal place to study such a superpower hadron collider mechanism that is co-created by both Sun and Earth. especially the aforementioned three major photospheric effects—the photospheric-splashing effect, the photospheric-cutting effect, and the photospheric-piercing effect, have great evidence value in the study of such a naturally occurring superpower colliding mechanism termed as the short form of the Syn-SPCCHC & NDA.

 

The formation of the asteroid belt and the comets

 

The traditional astrophysics system states that the lack of material plus disruption from proto-Jupiter’s gravitational field are thought have produced asteroid belt, while the comets are treated as the fossil relics of icy planetesimals which was tossed into Kuiper belt and Oort cloud by orbital migrations of Jovian world. We believe such a formational mechanism that was used to explain the formation of the asteroid and of the comet is fundamentally incorrect because their conclusions are based on a wrong physical mechanism of planetary formation.

 

In Ju’s co-evolution theory, the asteroid belt and the comet formed by the same unified physical mechanism, that is, the solar-melting-ripping-blowing mechanism (SMRB), which is based on the law of synchronous decay of seven planetary parameters, because the process of planetary evolution is essentially the synchronous decay process of the seven basic planetary parameters including the planetary orbital decay, when such an orbital decay process sending an old planet approaching to the coronal sphere of the Sun, the inevitable result is that an significantly orbital decayed dead-core of old planet will be melted into plasmatic status and be ripped into debris and finally these ripped debris will be blowing away by solar wind to outer Solar System and trapped in different orbits by gravitational fields of different planets. the most of these blowing away debris are trapped in orbit between Mars and Jupiter to become the members of asteroid belt due to the Jupiter’s dominant gravitational field. While others were tossed into Kuiper belt and Oort cloud through the Solar System’s convection system created by the interactions of solar wind and the gravitational fields of planets, the radius magnetic vortex systems are co-created by both Sun’s magnetic field and the planets’ magnetic field will periodically suck in some trapped debris that happen to move into the vortex opening and being drown towards the Sun. creating a periodical comet fiction burn events when these debris are drown to the near-coronal sphere region, the opposite relative moving between out-blowing solar wind and the sun-oriented comet diving will cause the violate fiction burn event. the reason that the comet’s diving into the Sun’s atmosphere is simply the radius magnetic vortex can produce the suction force that gravitationally drags all trapped cometary objects directly towards the Sun, which has nothing to do with the hypothetic “high eccentric elliptical cometary orbits” that are thought to resulting the so-called perihelion approaching. Such a highly speculated “high eccentric elliptical cometary orbits” does not physically exist in our Solar System. the great timing regularity of long-period “comet return” event, such as the Halley’s comet return occurring in an average 75-76 years time interval, is actually an illusion caused by evenly distribution of debris and the radius magnetic vortex system that periodically formed by the interaction of magnetic fields of adjacent planets, it is the existence of such a radius magnetic vortex that sucked the cometary objects into its vortex center and drag them towards the Sun and creates the comet fiction burn event. So the periodically comet’s diving towards the Sun and undergo fiction burn event can treated as the Solar System’s periodical debris-suction event caused by the radius magnetic vortex systems. While the orderly arranged planetary orbits and the interactions of their gravitational field means the orderly formation of such solar system’s radius magnetic vortex systems. Thus, the evenly distributed debris and the orderly formation of radius magnetic vortex occurring in the inner solar system altogether create the great regularity of comets’ coronal approaching event and the resulting the violate comet fiction burn phenomena.

 

The 75-year recurrence of Halley’s comet event are actually caused by different cometary objects with an approximately equal body-size and body-mass, rather than the same object cometary that has been thought to cause many repeated Halley’s return.

 

The one of conclusions regarding the regularly occurring comet coronal approaching is that the same kind of long-term comet event, such as the Halley’s comet, are caused by different cometary objects with similar body-size and body-mass and are composed of similar chemical compositions (similar mass-density) i.e. the metal-rich and water-poor materials, rather than the same object that returns over and over and endure endlessly violate fiction burns, first of all, one cometary object that has a vary small body-size and a vary limited body-mass simply can not endure endlessly repeating fiction burns. scientists told us that their calculation showed that the 16km ×8km ×8km  body size of the Halley’s comet can undergo 5000 times of repeating fiction burns before the completely evaporation, this is absolutely astounding and implausible. plus the highly speculated so-called high eccentrincity elliptic cometary orbits does not exist at all.

 

the Ju’s co-evolution theory stated that, the comets and all other kinds of asteroids formed from the dead-core ripping because of the law of planetary evolution, i.e. the law of synchronous decay of seven basic planetary parameters. in this physical scenario, the cometary object that appeared in each comet fiction burn event when diving into the Sun’s atmosphere is completely evaporated into grain-sized particles, no chance for any cometary objects to survive from such a violate fiction burn event. each different comet events are caused by different objects no matter these comet event is long-period comet or short-period comet, the principle of complete fiction burn is fit for all kinds of comet event regardless of their recurrent time interval, this principle not only fit for the cases of Sungrazer family comets but also fit for all other non-Sungrazer family comets. it is a law of complete cometary fiction burn. The pathway for a comet object diving into Sun’s atmosphere is a hypothetic solar system’s radial-direction magnetic vortex created by planet-to-planet magnetic filed interaction and the planet-to-Sun magnetic field interaction. It is the radius magnetic vortex that works like a internal black hole sucking the comets into the bottom of magnetic vortex, where the opposite motion between the out-streaming solar wind and the coronal-diving comet makes a violate fiction burn mechanism, the “perihelion-approaching” is an absolutely misleading concept because the so-called high-eccentric elliptic comet orbits never exist. Therefore, we believe that the periodically “Halley’s comet return” events are caused by different cometary objects but with nearly even body-mass due to the even distribution of debris of ripped-core of died planet. then, the Halley’s contribution based on his discovery of Halley’s comet is limited on his statistics work—the average 75-76 years cycle, other than that, the mechanism of cometary formation, the idea of repeating Halley’s comet “return” by perihelion approaching, and the calculation of hypothetic eccentric elliptical comet orbits are all fundamentally incorrect.

 

Besides the incorrect formational mechanism of the asteroid and comets, the chemical composition regarding the long-period comet that was though to be composed of icy materials is fundamentally incorrect. The so-called “dirty snow ball” as the nickname of the long-period comet is a highly misleading concept which leads to the incorrect mechanism of origin of Earth’s water.  In many NASA-credited close-up astronomic pictures, we can clear see that all asteroid and comets that have been close-up imaged are composed of rocky, metallic materials, which suggests that all comets are made of water-poor materials, because the major source of comets is the debris of dead-core of passed away planet that died before Mercury, ripped by Sun’s magnetic field before they are melted by Sun’s heat due to the planetary orbital decay. At this point, one of the key steps to prove that is the confirmation of existence of the law of synchronous decay of seven basic planetary parameters.  

 

About the chemical composition of comet and asteroid

 

An unified formational mechanism for the formation of all types of Small Solar System’s bodies (SSSBs), such as the asteroids and the comets, is the dead-core-disintegration caused by solar thermal-magnetic ripping and solar wind’s blowing effect as the orbit of dead-core of aged planet decays to a critical distance where is close up to the Sun due to the law of synchronous decay of seven basic planetary parameters, when the orbit of an aged planet decays to the critical distance where is close enough to the Sun’s atmosphere the million degree Celsius solar heat will melt the solid metal-core of dead planet into liquid plasma status and the strong magnetic field force will rip the dead core up to a group of fragmental debris evenly distributed around the Sun due to the rotation of the Sun, while the out-streaming solar wind will blow away these debris into different orbits, forming the different types of Small Solar System’s bodies, most of them will be trapped into the main belt of the asteroid belt that lies between Mars and Jupiter due to the Jupiter’s predominate gravity. And some of them will be tossed into Kuiper belt or into the Oort cloud to become the short-period or long-period comets. The interactions between solar wind and planets’ magnetic fields, between magnetic fields of planet and planet will create a Solar System’s convection system, there are evenly distributed radial magnetic vortex being periodically formed at different orbits due to the relative motion of planets, when those cometary objects are sucked into these system’s radial magnetic vortex, they will be drown towards the Sun like a near-vortex floating objects being sucked into turbulent vortex and being drown towards the bottom of river, the opposite motions between the Sun-diving comets and the out-streaming solar wind will cause a violent fiction burn of diving comets, the long tails of fiction-burning comet actually reflects a length and width of these system’s radial magnetic vortex. all diving comets will be fully evaporated to dusty grain scattered in orbits around the Sun with no big chunks left over, no exception, it means that even the Harlley’s

 

 meaning that the basic chemical composition of all types of asteroid and of all types of comets are about the same, they all composed mainly of water-poor but carbon-rich or metal-rich materials. They are basically a group of “blackish mineral chunks” that are either diving towards the Sun’s coronal sphere by trapping into the Solar System’s radius magnetic vortex or to the planets’ atmosphere by trapping into planets’ polar magnetic vortex, simply because most of the Small Solar System’s bodies are debris that came from the dead core of aged planets that had died before Mercury, it has been well-known that all planets have a metallic core that is composed mainly of iron, cobalt, and nickle. the process, that is called the solar-melting-ripping-blowing can be treated as the “cremate process of dead-core of passed away planet” caused by the mechanism of planetary orbital decay. and the “ash-blowing process” is the unified Solar System’s unified funeral process hold for every dead-body of passed away planets that had died before Mercury. Most of the out-blowing debris were trapped into the asteroid belt because of the Jupiter’s superpower gravitational field, at this point, the asteroid belt can be treated as the “Solar System’s public cemetery” which is available for all died planets to have their ashes be temporarily deposited in this region before the asteroid belt disappearing from Solar System as the entire planetary system would disappear from Solar System when Solar System as a whole evolve to be female-component star of future contact binary system (the Solar-Proxima binary system). In this physical scenario, we concluded that the idea that the comet were treated as sort of :dirty snow ball” is fundamentally incorrect, we believe that none of the comet is composed of water-rich materials. The molecular oxygen or water molecules that found on comets by space probe are constitute a negligible mass of the comet, and these negligible amount of water molecules, if any, found on explored comets is the byproducts of density-decreasing trended nuclear transmutation which only composed of negligible mass of these rocky-metallic core-ripped chunks. The mineral water that contained inside body of some rocky comets or in some rocky asteroid chunks that had landed on Earth might come from the water vapor absorption when they were cooling down on Earth. Because no mineral water molecules that contained inside the asteroid, if any, can not survive several thousands or even several ten thousand degree Celsius hot temperature generated by the violate fiction burns.

 

The evidences to prove the law of synchronous decay of seven basic planetary parameters.

 

If we can confirm that some of the planetary parameters are indeed in a decaying status, then the possibility of discovery of the law of planetary evolution manifested as the synchronous decay of seven planetary parameters will be found to be true.

 

First of all, the confirmable long-term reduced time span of the Earth year and the increased hours the Earth day suggests that both of the Earth’s orbital radius and Earth’s rotational speed have decayed significantly in synchronous decaying manner. Since its initial formation of the Earth, the Earth’s orbital radius and rotational speed have both decayed significantly, study result shows that the Earth’s revolution time is following a long-term decreasing trend while its rotational time is following an long-term increasing trend, the best explanation is the synchronous decay of Earth’s orbital radius and the rotational speed, which is inconsistent with the law of planetary evolution. if we denote T1 as the revolution time of planet and T2 as the rotational time of planet, then we assume the ratio of T1/T2 is following the long-term increasing trend in a process by which the value is infinitively approaching to 1, since the T1/T2 ratio of Mercury is approximately 56/87, that of the Earth is 1/365, that of the Jupiter is 0.4/4332, and that of the 0.4/30799, forming an increasing trend which is consistent with the law of synchronous decay of planetary orbital radius and planetary rotational speed and planetary angular momentum. Another evidence to prove the fact that Earth’s mass-scale and its mass-density are both in decaying status is the decreased gravitational constant of the Earth.

 

In 2007, the 118-year-old international standard prototype has been found losing weight by 50 microgram, the two possible explanations are the asymptotic mass-decay of the Earth through the  mechanism of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between Sun and Earth, and the non-dominate mass-vaporation of terrestrial inert metals due to the existence of the Earth’s core-to-atmosphere density-decreasing nuclear transmutation chain that creates a the quantum-evaporation effect which leads to the long-term mass-reduction of the platinum-iridium alloy cylinder. the surprisingly fast shrinkage of the Mercury found in recent years. In 2006, the fast shrinkage of the Mercury have been re-confirmed by American scientists, [] this kind of observational body-size shrinkage of Mercury provides a hard evidence that could be used to enhance the hypothesis that the body-mass of planet will undergo a long-term decay with passage of time.

 

The Earth’s magnetic field strength has been found to have decreased significantly. Because the planets’ magnetic field strength is proportional to the product of its mass-density (higher mass-density means higher metallicity), mass-scale, and rotational speed, and is inversely proportional to the evolutionary time passed.   

 

According the second law of co-evolution of star and planets, in a given interval time, the total volume of the masses collectively lost by planets is equal to the total mass gained by Sun, and such a solar-end mass-transferring law (or stellar-end mass-transferring law) is consistent with the law of relative conservation of Solar System’s mass. All conservation laws are relative because no systems in universe are absolutely isolated or absolutely closed, all systems are open to exchange their mass-energy with surrounding systems. At this point, the classical physics described set of conservation laws, such as the conservation of mass and the conservation of energy, are fundamentally incorrect. Since our Earth itself will disappear from its orbit in next 5-7 billion years because its mass will being totally transferred into the Sun’s core, how come the masses of subset systems that constitute the Earth can be conserved ? so, we have reach a conclusion that the core thought of all currently described conservation laws are fundamentally incorrect because these conservation laws assume that there are existences of absolute closed systems in universe.   

 

                      Chapter 3

Mathematics of the formation and evolution of the Solar System

 

(1)   the mathematics of mass-transference in a stellar-merger event

 

the mathematic formula of the mass-transferring process is based the principle of bilateral mass-inheritance (for newborn single star) and the principle of multi-sourced mass-inheritance(for newborn infant-planets). The bilateral mass-inheritance means that, in a given stellar-merger event, the newborn single star would inherit masses from both parent component stars in a process by which the outer plasmatic materials of both parent components will merge into one newborn single star. while the masses that has been inherited by a clutch of newborn infant-planets comes form the parent single star system in which the parent single star and parent planets have their mass and celestial genes( special isotopic ratio and quantum states ) mixed into the body-masses of the star-core-gestated embryonic metallic caryospheres that would form the newborn infant-planets upon the caryosphere-ejection occurred during the process of stellar-merger event.

 

Mcs1＋ Mcs2 ＝ Mss ＋ (Mp1＋Mp2＋Mp3….. ＋Mpn)＋(Mmc ＋E)

 

Where:

 

Mcs1 denotes the mass of component star 1 (if the component 1 is treated as the female component star, then it will have a clutch of metallic caryospheres gestated in its core )

 

Mcs2 denotes the mass of component star 2

 

Mss denotes the mass of newborn single star that has inherited masses partially from both its parent component stars.

 

Mp1＋Mp2＋Mp3….. ＋Mpn denotes masses of all ejected metallic caryospheres by their mother-component star, and later these ejected caryospheres would become the newborn infant-planets, and the Mpn denotes number of metallic caryosphere ejected.

 

Mmc denotes the mass of emitted gaseous molecules that composed mainly of the metal oxides and later being cooling down to become an group of opaque molecular cloud that wraps the surrounding the newborn single star system. 

 

E   denotes the energy released from the merged binary star system as photon streams or high-energy gamma rays.

 

If the Mcs1 is treated as the female-component star or mother-component star that have a clutch of metallic caryosphere gestate din its core, while the Mcs2 is treated as male-component star that has no caryosphere gestated in its core, then the part of outer plasmatic materials of female-component star (the hollow skin part) will merge with the whole body mass of the male-component star to form a newborn daughter single star, and the male-component star might eject its mass-energy into the body of female-component star before merging, then we get :

 

Mcs1＋(Mmc＋E) ＝﹛Mss ＋ (Mp1＋Mp2＋Mp3….. ＋Mpn) ﹜－Mcs2

 

The mass-transferring formula for the non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between star and its orbiting planets

 

After its initial formation, the co-evolution process of the Solar System would have had been initiated, the core mechanism of the co-evolution is the non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between Sun and its orbiting planets through the Sun-planets-connected CTEB systems. The so-called non-equivalent mass-energy exchange is that, in a given interval time, the mass that each planet gives out to Sun is far greater than the mass that the Sun return to each planet, the exchange surplus value will be converted into the Sun-core-gestated mass for the mass-need of nucleosynthesis and the mass-growth of Sun-core gestated metallic caryospheres. According the second law of the Sun-planet co-evolution—the relative conservation of Solar System’s mass, in a given interval of time, the mass that the Sun gained is equal to the mass that all planets collectively lost. The total amount of mass that has been transferred from the planetary system to the Sun’s core is proportional to the time passed. Therefore, The core change of the Solar System is the change of its mass-distribution, the Ju’s co-evolution theory states that the initial mass-distribution status of the infant Solar System is that the central Sun only held small fraction of the Solar System’s mass, say, no more than 30% of system’s mass was held by the infant-Sun, while the vast majority of the system’s mass was held by the planetary system, say, about 70% of system’s mass held by early age planetary system. but later, through the unified mechanism of the bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between Sun and its orbiting planets, the system’s mass has been gradually transferred from the planetary system to the Sun’s core with an ever increasing transferring rate, which leads to a result of the Solar-end mass-transference, Ultimately, over the course of about 12-billion years of evolution, the planetary system’s mass will be totally transferred to the Sun’s core and the Sun will be left with none of the original planets in orbit around it. This physical process that Solar System’s mass transferring from its planetary system to the Sun’s core is called the process of the Solar System’s mass-redistribution—an unified process fit to evolutionary process of all single star system. as of 99% of the Solar System’s mass will be concentrated in the Sun’s core in the form of massively matured metallic caryospheres that are gestated by the Sun, the Solar System as a whole will evolve into a what is called the solar-female-component star in laboring phase, by coupling with another component star from which it might evolved from the Proxima Centauri system following the universal law of star-planet co-evolution, the current Solar System would couple with the nearest Proxima System to form a next generation merge-phased contact binary system, called the contact Solar-Proxima binary system, and the solar-female-component star and the Proxima-male-component star will merge into a newborn single star with more mass (equal to the total mass of the Solar-Proxima binary system minus the metallic caryospheres ejected), and the solar-female-component star will eject all its core-gestated metallic caryospheres into local space, giving birth to a clutch of newborn infant-planets, the masses that composed of these newborn infant-planets ejected by the future solar-female-component star are actually coming from the masses of the current Solar System’s planets including our Earth. Repeating the same process of the stellar-merger event governed by the unified mechanism of synchronized merge-ejection and to complete another single-binary-single cycle (SBS model).

 

In this physical scenario, all planets, dwarf planets, spherical moons we see today in our Solar System, were firstly viviparously formed and grow in mass in the core of their parent stars in forms of the embryonic metallic caryospheres, instead of forming from outside parent star by accreting materials in the so-called proplanetary discs in surrounding the protostar. The entire process of the planetary formation occurs in the core of the parent star is called the viviparous principle of the planetary formation. Basically the whole processes of the planetary formation can be roughly divided into two periods: the first period is termed the pre-ejection period, which is a long-term period with a timescale of 10-12 billion years which is equal to the lifetime of a single star system, starting from the initial formation of the grain-sized metallic planetary embryos to their massively matured status before the time of caryosphere-ejection, the entire mass-growing period of the metallic planetary embryos is spent in the core of their parent star. the second period is the process of caryosphere-ejection, that only happens in the course of stellar-merger event, is a short-term period which only needs about few months to few weeks to complete, starting from the energy-outburst marked by sudden tens of thousands of times luminosity increasing to the end of the stellar-merger event, along with the increased luminosity decrease to its original level. In 2008, a series of parameters change regarding the V1309 Scorpii Binary merger had been systematically recorded by the R. Tylenda, et al. []

 

The physical mechanism for the initial formation and the subsequent the mass-growth of the metallic planetary embryos is the same mechanism of heavy elements nucleosynthesis (not the hydrogen-to-helium nuclear fusion reaction), termed the Syn-SPCCSHC & NDA, a short form for synchronized process of the star-planet co-created superpower hadron collider (SPCCSHC) and the neutronization-degenerate-accretion (NDA), by which the planet-fired lance-shaped density-increasing hadronic jets inject into the Sun’s core from different directions, in which the low-energy part of planet-fired hadronic jets will first collide with the plasmatic materials made up the photosphere envelope of the Sun, creating the primary colliding process occurred on the surface of the Sun’s photosphere envelope manifested as the photospheric-splash effect observable to space-based astronomic telescopes, while the high-energy part of planet-fired hadronic jets will directly inject into the Sun’s core by penetrating the photosphere envelope of the Sun, manifested as the photospheric-piecing effect also observable to space-based astronomical telescopes. When the multiple beams of planet-fired lance-shaped density-increasing hadronic jets meet and collide in the Sun’s core, it will create a superpower hadron collider mechanism to produce the super heavy elements in the core, even heavier than the Uranium element found on Earth. In comparison, the lower energy part of planet-fired hadronic jets that collide with the plasmatic materials of the solar photosphere would produce relatively lighter metallic elements, such as the aluminum, calcium, iron. In this physical scenario, the plasmatic materials that composed of granular tissue of the photosphere is heavy metallic elements, instead of the lighter gas elements. The fast-dropping materials from coronal mass ejection (CME) showed in NASA-credited video suggests that the plasmatic materials made up the solar photosphere envelope is very heavy. Means that the light gas elements, such as the hydrogen/helium, can not exist on the solar photosphere. The SPCCSHC-synthesized heavy metal elements will be simultaneously condensed into the bodies of Sun-core-gestated metallic caryospheres, enable them grow in mass at ever increasing rate. The laws of synchronization dictates that the process of the heavy element production and the process of the caryosphere mass-growth are synchronized one physical process. expressed as the short form—the Syn-SPCCSHC & NDA. the core-condensation process required that in some large area of the inner-photosphere envelope, must exist a dark-cold zone with an extremely low temperature as low as thousands of degree Celsius below zero, rather than a hot area with temprerature as high as ten million degree Celsius above zero, studies of the sunspot suggests that in umbra area of the sunspot, the temperature is five hundred degree colder than in the penumbra area, it indicate that in some area of the inner side of the photosphere envelope, the temperature cold be extremely cold rather than extremely hot, and such a dark-cold area of the inner photosphere envelope of the Sun is good for the condensation process by which the hot plasmatic materials would be condensed into the solid bodies of the embryonic metallic caryospheres that gestated in the core, good for the metallic caryospheres’ mass-growing mechanism to work in the Sun’s core. the Syn-SPCCSHC & NDA, as an alternative working mechanism to explain the source of Sun’s energy, heavy element nucleosynthesis, and the mass-growing process of the metallic caryosphere, is well-consistent with the core thought of the co-evolution theory.

 

 The principle that everything regarding the formation and evolution of solar system we intend to explain must be treated as the consequence of the result of the Sun-planet mass-energy exchange, or the Sun-planet interaction, is called the principle of full-interaction. In other words, any viewpoints we proposed or any conclusions we reached, could be fundamentally incorrect if we violate the co-evolution law. For example, if we treat the solar activities, such as the occurrence of the sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejection, etc, anything regarding the Sun’s energy production, as the Sun’s self independent activities, then, we must have made the mistakes from the very beginning, therefore, the viewpoints we proposed or the conclusions we reached could be fundamentally incorrect. At this point, we believe that so far, most of viewpoints or conclusions we have come up with regarding the formation and evolution of our Solar System are fundamentally incorrect, the astrophysics system as a whole could be totally collapse simple its violate the laws of the star-planet co-evolution.

 

Chapter 4

The Ju’s laws of planetary motion and the principle of gravity production in two-body and multiple-body systems

 

We have proposed five new laws of planetary motion based on the universal law of gravity production, and also based on a new mechanism of Solar System formation and evolution:

 

(1)                  All planets orbit about the central star with their rotational axes orthogonally intersected with the hypothetic axes of their orbital rings, this is called the principle of dynamic orthogonal axial intersection between the hypothetical axis of a planet’s orbital ring and of its spin axis. This means that a given planet orbiting the Sun will have its rotational axis and hypothetic axis of it’s orbital ring remain in a status of dynamic orthogonal axial intersection, this leads to a result of an observer on the equator line being able to see sunrise from the northeast direction and sunset from the northwest. If we put many-years’ worth of a given planet’s orbital rings together, we will get a 3D rubber band ball-like structure, rather than a 2D disc-like structure.

 

(2)                   The orbits of the planets in our Solar System do not occupy the same plane. Instead, the adjacent planets will have their hypothetic orbital ring axes remain in a status of dynamic orthogonal axial intersection, meaning that a given two orbital rings of two adjacent planets will orthogonally cross each other. For example, the orbital rings of Venus and Earth orthogonally cross, while at the same time the orbital rings of Earth and of Mars orthogonally cross (the inner-most planet Mercury is not considered for this case), and all their hypothetic orbital rings jointly form a 3-D crossed “rubber-band ball-like structure configuration”, rather than a 2-D plane.

 

(3)                  The law of planetary orbital-switching, the orbital switch-effect will occur between two given adjacent planets (Mercury is again not included in this case), by which the two adjacent planets will have their planetary orbital rings mutually switch at the 180 degree straight line (with the Sun placed in the mid-point of the straight line), it means that for given adjacent planets, planet A that has its orbital ring lying inside the orbital ring of plant B at one side of the 180-degree straight line ( with the Sun being placed at the mid-point of the straight line) will switch to outer side of the orbital ring of planet B. forming an in-and-out orbital rings switching configuration, in the meantime, the two adjacent orbital-ring-switching planets will have the hypothetical axes of their orbital rings stay in this dynamic orthogonal intersection status to form a hypothetical “rubber-band ball structure”. This is due to the multiple gravity-repulsion interactions occuring between Sun and planets, planet and planet, and the Solar System and the nearest Proxima Centauri System since the two stellar systems are possibly a pair of physically interacting binary star systems, called the Solar-Proxima Binary System if an observer were to view our Solar System from a distant point within the Milky Way Galaxy. This coupled with the influence of the gravity force derived from the galactic center of the Milky Way Galaxy, means that a given two adjacent planets will not have their orbital rings form a paralleled concentric configuration. Instead, the two adjacent planetary orbital rings will undergo “in-out orbital-switching at the 180-degree line” with their hypothetical axes of orbital rings remaining dynamically and orthogonally crossed with each other, forming a crossed oval structure somewhat like a rubber-band ball.

 

    This adjacent planetary orbital switching principle is universal and holds true for both the macroscopic celestial world and the microscopic particle world. This means that this principle is also fit for the law of electrons’ motion in the atomic world, in which the adjacent orbits of given two electrons will also undergo a 180-degree orbital-switching motion with their spin axes remaining in a status of dynamic orthogonal intersection due to the multiple electromagnetic interactions between atomic nuclei and orbiting electrons, between adjacent orbiting electrons and positrons, and between bonded atoms in two-body or multiple-body molecular systems.

 

 

 

(4)                  The law of orthogonal axial intersection in two-body planet-moon system, such as in our Earth-moon system, the rotational axes of both Earth and moon stay in a dynamically orthogonal axial intersection status, it means that the spin axis of the Earth is always normal to the spin axis of the moon in order to maximize magnetic field line-entanglement effect and to produce the biggest gravitational pull   effect, such an Earth-moon’s orthogonal axial intersection status never change since the initial formation of the Earth-moon system, which leads to a result that the near-side of moon is facing to the Earth permanently while its far side can not be seen to Earth-based observer, this is because of The universal law of gravity production, or the law of orthogonal axial intersection for gravity-production, the law dictates that, in a two-body system, the two gravitationally interacted spin bodies must have their spin axes stay in a dynamically orthogonal intersection status in order to maximize the entangling-and-intercutting effect of the two-bodies’ magnetic field lines which in turn maximized the entanglement-pull effect between magnetically and quantum-stream entangled bodies, such a orthogonal axial intersection effect between two gravitationally interacted systems are widely seen in universe, such as in Milky Way-Andromeda Binary Galaxy system, the spin axes of both Milky Way Galaxy and Andromeda is normal to each other. While in any pair of binary-star system, the spin axes of both component stars is observed to stays in a dynamically orthogonal intersection status. while in microscopic particle world, this law is hold to be true also, in this physical scenario, we believe that, in an given atomic nucleus, the spin axes of neutron-proton coupled atomic nucleus must be staying in a dynamically orthogonal intersection status, means that the spin axes of any adjacent neutron and proton must dynamically normal to each other. and the spin axis of the electron and its nearest positron must stay in a dynamically orthogonal intersection status. while in sub-nucleon level, we believe that the spin axes of three types of quarks, i.e. within the scope of proton, the three spin axes of two up quarks and one down quarks must stay in a mutually dynamical and orthogonal intersection status, within the scope of neutron, the thee three spin axes of one up quark and two down quarks must stay in a dynamically orthogonally intersection status. while at the atomic-molecular level, in any two gas atoms defined two-body system, such as the two-oxygen molecule system, the spin axes of both oxygen atoms must stay in dynamical orthogonal intersection status, while in three gas atoms formed many-body system, such as the three oxygen atoms formed oxygen ozone molecule system, the spin axes of three oxygen atoms must mutually normal to each other. While in quantum liquid spin status, the spin axes of any tri-electron quantum liquid spin system, the spin axes of  mutually entangled electrons will have their spin axes stay in a dynamically orthogonal intersection status to form a 3-D spatial axial-intersection relationship, such a 3-D dynamical orthogonal axial intersection configuration principle can effectively avoid any “2-D up-and-down quantum spin frustration problem”, this kind of 3-D dynamical orthogonal axial intersection configuration can maximize the quantum entanglement effect of their magnetic field lines. While in sub-nucleon level, such as within the scope of neutron and proton, the spin axes of three quarks must stay relatively normal to each other in order to maximize the quantum-entanglement-pull effect which, in turn, is good for keeping the strengthening of strong nuclear binding force.

 

(5)                  The law of planetary orbital decay and the law of planet rotational speed decreasing : the synchronous decay of seven basic planetary parameters, or the universal law of planetary evolution, is created by the more generalized law of star-planet co-evolution, the law of synchronous decay of seven basic planetary parameters have determined that the orbital ring radius of planet and the rotational speed of planet are both decreasing synchronously, which manifested as the long-term decreasing trend of the orbital time period and the long-term increasing trend of rotational time period. For each individual planet, the Tr/To Ratio will decrease over time due to the law of planetary evolution. If we use the “Current Earth day (CED)” as the standard unit of time, and we use the “Tr” to denote the time of rotational period of planet, “To” to denote the time of orbital period, then we will see the Tr/To ratio is following a long-term decreasing trend from the outer most planet (Neptune) to inner most planet (Mercury) because of synchronous decay of orbital radius and the rotational speed, therefore, according to this law, we have developed a combination method, such as the Tr/To ratio age-estimation method to combine the orbital radius age-estimation method, to determine the relative aging-status of planet, the hypothesis states that, (1) when estimating the comparative age of more than two planets, the key-parameter for comparative planetary age-estimation is the relative radius of their orbital rings. then, the value of the Tr/To ratio is an important parameter must be taken into account. In general, the younger planet will have a bigger radius of its orbital ring and a higher spin-speed and of course, higher values of other five basic planetary parameters. in principle, the younger planet will also have a smaller value of its Tr/To ratio accordingly. And the vice versa, the older planet will have a smaller radius of its orbital ring and a lower rotational speed than the younger planets in the same stellar system. therfore, the older planets usually have the bigger value of its Tr/To ratio. In our Solar System, For example, both of the Mercury and Venus are older than the Earth, then, they both have a bigger value of the planetary Tr/To ratio than that of Earth. However, the single value of Tr/To ratio can not be used to estimate planets’ comparative age alone, it must take other planetary parameters into account, for example, the Venus has the bigger value of Tr/To ratio, but the Venus is apparently younger than the Mercury, because the Venus have bigger radius of the hypothetic orbital ring. In general, the inner four terrestrial planets are collectively older than the outer four Juvian world’s planets, the Mercury should be the known oldest planet the Solar System, while theNeptuneshould be the known youngest planet the Solar System. (2) the revolutionary status of current Mercury and of current Venus will be the future evolutionary status of the Earth, while the evolutionary status of current Jupiter and current Neptune are the evolutionary status of the young Earth. The following is the list values of the planetary Tr/To Ratio starts fromNeptune:

 

The Neptune’s Tr/To Ratio is 0.67/(164×365)，

 

The Urnus’s Tr/To Rtio is 0.43/(84×365),

 

The Saturn’s Tr/To ratio is 10/(29.57×365),

 

The Jupiter’s Tr/To ratio is 9.5/(11.86×365).

 

The Mars’ Tr/To ratio is 1.02/686,

 

The Earth’s Tr/To ratio is 1/365,

 

The Venus’ Tr/To is 243/225, (Venus has the biggest value of the Tr/To Ratio, but the second oldest planet in the Solar System)

 

The Mercury’s Tr/To ratio is 59/88.( the Mercury is the oldest planet in our Solar System stepped into a dying status, will be photothermally melten and ripped up into debris and blown away to become the asteroid or cometary object in the near future).

 

Beside the aging-status-estimation, we can also use these laws to well-explain the formation and evolution of all types of asteroid and of long-period and short-period comets, and also disapprove the traditional theory of origin of Earth’s water—the out-sourced water-delivering mechanism.

 

Chapter 5

    the general laws of formation and transmutation of chemical elements, and the law of infinitive similarity and dissimilarity of physical-chemical properties between elements that constitute different stars and planets.

 

(1)     the processes of formation and transmutation of chemical elements are fully synchronized with the process of formation and evolution of celestial systems. All chemical elements that listed or not yet listed in periodic table can be fully produced out within one complete SBS cycle. The formation of the lightest two element—the hydrogen and helium, has nothing to do with the imaginary Big Bang nucleosynthesis. The main pathway for hydrogen and helium to be produced is the mechanism of density-decreasing nuclear transmutation occurred on planets due to the non-equivalent mass-energy exchanging between star and planet. for example, the hydrogen and helium that naturally occurring on Earth are produced in many pathway,,,,,,,,,

 

(2)     all heavy metal elements are originally synthesized in the star-core but the production process is not done independently by central star itself, instead, all heavy metal elements are synthesized in a physical process participated by both central star and its orbiting planets. means that the heavy metal elements are byproducts of the star-planet’s interaction.

 

 

(3)     The physical mechanism of the heavy metal elements’ production is the superpower hadron collider mechanism, rather than the previously thought thermal nuclear fusion reaction in a physical process by which the orbiting planets inject their density-increasing and temperature-cooling hadron jets or the cold-neutron beams into the star-core via the straight line pathways of the dynamically shifting CTEB systems from different directions and different orbits, the planet-injected hadron jets will firstly colliding with the heavy melted plasma of the granular that form the photosphere envelope of the star, creating the primary photospheric colliding mechanism and producing some thermal neutron-soup-mixture that is fused into the metal plasma, and these thermal metal plasma will be pull down by the down-streaming stellar magnetic field lines and cooling down on their way going to the star-core to become the solid metal elements and these freshly made heavy metal elements will be simultaneously condensed into the bodies of the embryonic metallic caryospheres and enabling the star-core-gestated metallic caryospheres growing mass till their massively mature. When the energy of planet-injected hadron jets reaches the maximum level, they penetrated the photosphere envelope and reach to the star-core, creating a star-core-focused super power hadron colliding mechanism, and producing heavy metal elements like uranium, thorium, iridium, and osmium etc, or some unknown heavy metal elements even much heavier than uranium. Or directly producing liquid neutron-soup in a fast spin quantum soup status.

 

         

(4)     The initial raw materials for the stellar nucleosynthesis are not atomic hydrogen, or atomic helium, but are the mostly subatomic neutronized high-density hadron jets fired from planets and plus the vary heavy metallic plasma composed of mixture of various metal elements, as apposed to the previously thought hydrogen-raw-material. Ju’s stellar nucleosynthesis theory states that the central star does not have any so-called massive hydrogen inventory stored in the star-core, but instead, the raw materials that are being used to synthesize the heavy metal elements in star-core are the subatomic hadron jets with high-density and high kinetic energy. because the initial raw material that made up the infant-star or the infant-Sun is the heavy metal plasma, rather than hydrogen plasma. 

 

 

(5)     In a single star system, the mass-density change of matters in planets follows the long-term density-decreasing trend along with the long-term mass-loss of the planets, while the mass-density change of the central star follows the long-term density-increasing trend along with its mass-gain.

 

(6)     In a matured galaxy system like our Milky Way Galaxy, the mass-density will increase at the galactic core as the system’s mass will be transferred from the spiral arms of the Milky Way into the galactic core, one or a clutch of supper condensed and super massive giant black caryospheres (GBCs) will form at the galactic core through the centralized hadron-colliding mechanism same mechanism as the hadron-colliding mechanism now naturally occurring at the Sun’s core, the GBCs will be ejected out to local space to become a super massive neutron star that will possess a mass-scale equivalent to approximately the total mass of entire Milky Way with the radii of magnetic curve lines equivalent to the diameter of current galatic plane of the Milky Way, the GBC-ejection event will take place during the process of galactic-merger when our Milky Way Galaxy are merging with the Andromeda Galaxy in about 40 billion years from now, rather than in 4 billion years.

 

The general theory of creation and transmutation of chemical elements states:

 

(1)   The principle of synchronization of the macro-astrophysical process and of the micro-particle process: The processes of creation and transmutation of chemical elements and of the formation and co-evolution of stars and planets are totally synchronized into one holistic astro-particle-physical process. For example, the collective density-decreasing nuclear transmutation of the chemical elements that make up the Earth will determine the Earth’s evolutionary trend, manifested as the synchronous decay of the seven basic planetary parameters of the Earth, as well as the Earth’s ongoing decrease in mass-volume due to Earth’s mass-transference into the Sun’s core being based on the progressive asymptotic density-decrease trending uranium-to-hydrogen nuclear transmutation, which is termed hydrogen-end nuclear transmutation or the asymptotic diffusive protonization-change of nuclides. This is manifested as the process of hydrogen-disintegration (occurring in the area that spans between the hydrogen-shell and the Van Allen Radiation Belt) in which excited hydrogen atoms undergo cosmic ray spallation and are photoelectrically broken down in protons and electrons and neutrinos which are trapped within the Van Allen Radiation Belt and interact with the CTEB-conducted and solar wind carried charged particles (instead of originating mainly from extrasolar sources as previously thought). Conversely, the macroscopic work of the Earth-Sun’s non-equivalent mass-energy exchange system (CTEB system) will govern the microscopic transmutation trend of the terrestrial elements that compose the Earth. This macro-micro synchronization law is fit for all quantum systems that compose celestial systems.

 

 

(2)   All chemical elements that are listed on the periodic table or not yet listed can be fully produced and re-transmuted (recycled) into subatomic and subnuleonic particle streams that exist as the elements’ raw materials (in the form of a “quantum soup”) in a physical process naturally occurring in just one complete SBS cycle – about 20-24 billion “current Earth years”. Rather than the physical scenario described by Big Bang cosmology, which stated that the lightest two elements, hydrogen and helium were primarily created through nucleosynthesis during the first 20 minutes of the Big Bang, [5][6][7]-wiki-element, along with tiny traces of the lightest next two elements: lithium and beryllium. Elements with any atomic number from 5 to 26 are thought to have been produced through independently occurring nucleosynthesis within the core of a main-sequence star, with no participation from its orbiting planets! While the elements with an atomic number greater than 26 are thought to be produced in the process of a supernova explosion, again, independently without the participation from orbiting planets. All kinds of elements production methods are fundamentally incorrect, simply because they are in violation of the fundamental co-evolution law and the rule of full interaction between star and planets.

(3) The method of element production or, stellar nucleosyntheis is the star-core based, star-planet co-created yet fully participated super power hadron collider mechanism. This rule emphasizes the participation and co-work of both the central star and its orbiting planets, rather than by the star alone. At this point, we believe that the traditional nucleosynthesis theories are only partially correct (regarding the production site, the star-core). Besides that, the method described (star-self-performed thermal nuclear reaction) and the raw material they adopted (hydrogen/helium) are fundamentally incorrect. In principle, any non-co-evolution viewpoints that were expressed in the traditional nucleosynthesis theories are also fundamentally incorrect, simply because they violate the laws of star-planet co-evolution and the rule of full-interaction. The greatest flaw of Big Bang nucleosynthesis is that this theory seriously violates a set of correct cosmological perspectives and the so-called four cornerstone evidences: 3-K cosmic backround radiation, the abundance of hydrogen/helium in the universe, and isotropic space property are all incorrect interpretations of natural phenomena (explain later).

 

Ju’s nucleosynthesis theory states that (1) the location of heavy metal element production is not limited to the star-core. Instead there are three major locations: Hadron-colliding-point-A or the first colliding-point on the planet-side, or the out-star hadron-collding-point, is located at the center-point of the outer-edge of the magneto-sheath of planets. In the case of the Earth-Sun-connected CTEB system, it is located at the what was called the outer edge of the bow shock zone where protons, electrons, and neutrinos that are trapped in the Van Allen Radiation Belt are recombined-and-recondensed into thermal neutrons, due to the interaction of solar wind with Earth’s magnetic field and the protonized particles that are trapped in the Earth’s magnetic field. This is called inverse-beta-minus decay, or the re-neutronization process. In turn the multiple planet-injected thermal neutron streams are further combined into multiple beams of cold planet-injecting neutron beams, which travel to the Sun and collide with the heavy metal plasmatic materials in the Sun’s photosphere envelope, thus creating the secondary colliding-point, or colliding-point-B. This process will enable planet-injected cryogenic neutron beams to collide with the photosphere of the Sun or even pierce through the photosphere envelope. In this physical scenario, the energetic planet-fired cryogenic neutron beams inject into the nucleus of the expanding atomic nuclei of those atoms that have already been synthesized into heavy metal elements of the star’s granular tissue and remain in the energetic liquid plasma-phase. This kind of secondary hadron-colliding process will produce huge amounts of hot heavy metal elements in the photosphere of the Sun, which is termed photospheric thermal-neutron-injection (PTNI). The evidence for this type of outside-star-core heavy metal element production is the fact that the plasmatic materials that make up the granular tissue of the Sun’s photosphere envelope are so heavy, that they will drop back down to the photosphere in just a few seconds after they have been tossed by coronal mass ejection to altitudes equal to the height of ten Earths. The third process that produces super heavy metal elements which may be even heavier than the terrestrial uranium in the star-core is the star-core-focused planet-injected hadron collider mechanism occurring in the center of the Sun when the energy level of the planet-injected cryogenic neutron jets reaches maximum level. This phenomena is known as the photospheric-piercing effect. When the planet-injected cryogenic neutron jets pierce through the photosphere envelope of the Sun and reach the core, the cold neutron streams will collide and entangle with each other in the core, creating a super power hadron colliding process there, which can produce huge amounts of spuer-uranium elements or liquid neutron soup. The star-core-based colliding point is called colliding-point-C. In this physical scenario, we can easily understand that heavy metal element production occurs in both the photosphere envelope and the star-core, but the production process is participated in fully by both star and planets. Therefore, we termed this process the synchronized star-planet co-created and co-participated superpower hadron colliding mechanism (Syn-SPCC-HC) and the mass-growing process of embryonic metallic caryospheres. At this point, all single star systems, or mature spiral galaxy system such as the Milky Way Galaxy can be treated as a super powered hadron-collider capable of producing heavy metal elements of various mass-densities and mass-scales. The process of heavy metal production is the fully synchronized physical process of the formation and evolution of infant-planets and infant-stars of various mass-densities and mass-scales.

 

 

(4)   The law of bi-directional density-change of particles.

 

 This law states that the density-change of chemical elements or atomic and subatomic particles that exist and transmute on planets, such as those on Earth, follow the density-decreasing trend while chemical elements that exist and transmute in stars follow the density-increasing trend. If we treat naturally occurring uranium as the representative terminal heavy metal element for density-increasing nuclear transmutation at the atomic level, and treat hydrogen as the representative terminal lightest element for density-decreasing nuclear transmutation at the atomic level (before the hydrogen isotopes are photo-electrically broken down into subatomic particles), then, the asymptotic density-decreasing trended uranium-to-hydrogen nuclear transmutation occurring on planets can be termed as the hydrogen-end nuclear transmutation process. The hydrogen-proton-neutron-to-uranium process that occurs in the star can then be termed as uranium-end nuclear transmutation. According to the synchronization law, Both types of nuclear transmutation process must proceed simultaneously through the non-equivalent mass-energy exchange process that occurs in the star-planet-connected CTEB system, so, we further termed this process as the synchronized hydrogen-end and uranium-end nuclear transmutation process.

 

This law suggests that a core-to-atmosphere (uranium-to-hydrogen trended) asymptotic density-decreasing trended nuclear transmutation chain has to exist (also called the uranium-hydrogen nuclear transmutation chain), in which all gas elements are collectively derived from the grand-father metal elements through either the short-cut-pathway of gas element production or the longer route of asymptotic density-decreasing nuclear transmutation. The typical example of short-cut-pathway of gas element production is the process of the radioactive alpha-decay: For example, the radioactive isotopes of uranium-235 and uranium-238 or isotopic radioactive thorium emit alpha particles as positively charged helium nuclei in the alpha-decay process could produce a huge amount of gaseous helium underneath the crust when these uranium-ejected positive-charged alpha particles capture negatively charged free electrons to become neutral helium atoms. The typical case of long-term gas element production is helium-to-hydrogen cosmic ray spallation that naturally occurs in the helium-shell of the upper atmosphere, where the helium atom will be photo-electrically broken down into radioactive isotopes of one-proton hydrogen and radioactive deuterium. This type of bi-directional density-decreasing and increasing nuclear transmutation process suggests that Big Bang nucleosynthesis is an absolutely implausible mechanism for producing the majority of hydrogen/helium in the universe.

 

       The profound implication of such an density-decreasing trended uranium-to-hydrogen nuclear transmutation, by which the process of gas element production, such as the formation of hydrogen and oxygen,    is governed by the law of star-planet co-evolution and supported by the mechanism of the non-equivalent mass-energy exchanging, is that we can physically explain the origin of terrestrial water in a well-understood and confirmable level by using set of mutually self-consistent laws, mechanisms described in the co-evolution theory ( see section of origin of the terrestrial water).

 

(5)   the principle of co-existence of infinitive similarity and infinitive difference (PCISID), this principle states that the isotopes of the same chemical elements that naturally occurring on different planets will has different physical-chemical properties due to the different celestial systems in which they are produced, for example, the terrestrial iron and the terrestrial oxygen will have an obviously difference in both and physical and chemical properties, the typical case for this phenomena is that the lunar iron refuse to chemically react with the terrestrial oxygen, as showed as the phenomena that lunar iron refuse to be rusting for seven years, which is impossible for terrestrial iron to have that kind of property, conversely, if we bring the terrestrial iron to the moon and place it into the lunar water or in a container that is enriched lunar oxygen, the terrestrial iron will not chemically react with the lunar oxygen, this is because that the both terrestrial iron and lunar iron were produced from different parent-stellar-system’s hadron-collider system, and the Earth and moon were born from different parent binary systems, the Earth was ejected by one pair of bigger parent binary system as a bigger primitive metallic caryosphere or high-metallicity infant-planet, while its moon are smaller metallic caryosphere ejected by a smller parent binary system. the two missing single stars that were produced by two parent stellar-merger events of two previously merged parent binary systems had already merged into the body of the young-sun, because the two single star systems of grandfather generations that produced the terrestrial iron or lunar iron had different mass-scale and energy levels, then the terrestrial iron and lunar iron will differ considerably in some basic physical parameters, such as different mass-scale, different mass-density, different magnetic strengths, different kinetic energy, different spin speed, and different internal energy level, etc. because the terrestrial oxygen was originally derived from terrestrial metal elements through the Earth-Sun-connected CTEB system governed density-decreasing trended metal-to-oxygen nuclear transmutation which is based on an interactive non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between Sun and Earth, while the lunar oxygen was derived from lunar-Sun’s CTEB system governed metal-to-oxygen trended density-decreasing nuclear transmutation based on the Moon-Sun’s interactive mass-energy exchange process. Hence, the terrestrial oxygen will have the same atomic-genes with the terrestrial iron, while the lunar oxygen will have the same atomic-genes with the lunar iron. Therefore, the terrestrial iron only chemically react with terrestrial iron whole the lunar iron will only chemically react with the lunar oxygen, the phenomena of lunar iron’s refusal to chemically react with terrestrial iron is the hard evidence that the terrestrial iron and lunar iron were produced by two different stellar-planet co-created hadron collider systems, which differ considerably in many basic physical parameters. this kind of model that core thought of the atomic-gene theory is consistent with the laws of co-evolution of star and planet based on the SBS model is called the atomic-gene theory.

 

        The profound physical implication of the PCISID along with its atomic-gene theory is that the stellar-immigration is impossible, because the chemical elements that makes our human body and all other life systems evolved on Earth differ considerably in five basic physical parameters, such as differing in mass-density, mass-scale, internal-energy-level, magnetic strength, and the atomic spin speed. In general, the terrestrial chemical elements that makes up our body and all other life systems occurring on Earth differ in considerably from chemical elements that makes up other extrasolar Earth-like planets. then the chemical elements such as the oxygen, carbon, iron, and the oxugen and hydrogen makes up the non-terrestrial water molecules can not be used in the metabolism process of our body, the non-terrestrial water occurring on extrasolar planet might be hundred times as poisonous as HCN found on Earth. but not to say so many other parameters that will significantly affected on the normal metabolism process of human body. Hence, we human being can go nowhere except for our only family—the Earth, the only thing we can do is that we have to spend all our resources to improved the Earth based environment, instead of unrealically live in science fiction described fanciful world, which is indeed full of something that is belong to the non-scientific thoughts. Or full of incorrect cosmological perspectives based on the misunderstanding the nature of our universe.

   

Chapter 6

About the hypothetical physical system of everything (PSoE) and its relation to the Fermi Bubble structure of the Milky Way Galaxy and the Ju’s method of unifying the four fundamental interaction forces within framework of theory based on discovery of physical system of everything and interpretation of fundamental property and basic structure of matter space.

 

We believe that the best way to physically and philosophically unify the so-called four fundamental interaction forces is the ultimate discovery of the physical system of everything and the nature of the matter space, including the nature of so-called dark matter and dark energy. rather than creating a simple beautiful mathematical equation. The reason is that if the physical mechanism that has been used to explain the creation of fundamental forces is fundamentally incorrect, then the corresponding mathematic equation is valueless, for example, the physical mechanism for the Sun’s initial formation and its subsequent evolution is wrong, and the raw materials for Sun to produce its energy and to synthesize the heavy element is wrong, then, the calculation result of Sun’s “hydrogen fuel” consuming rate, i.e. the Sun is thought to consume 600,000,000 tons of hydrogen for per minute and to synthesize 596,000,000 tons of helium and generate solar energy equivalent to 4 million tons of hydrogen, then such a calculation result is valueless, simple because that, if the Nebular Hypothesis based mechanism of Sun’s initial formation and the law of its subsequent evolution found to be wrong, and the raw materials for Sun to produce its energy is not the hydrogen but the subatomic hadronic jets that are fired and injected by its orbiting planets, then, the so-called massive hydrogen inventory of the Sun is not the case, and then the hydrogen-to-helium nuclear fusion reaction is not the correct physical mechanism for Sun to produce its energy, then, all the calculation about the hydrogen-to-helium reaction based CNO-cycle will be found to be not true. Finally leads to the result that whole astrophysics system has found to be built on a tottering theoretical base. And the original reason the for a fundamentally incorrect astrophysics system is based upon an incorrect cosmological perspectives, that is, the cosmological perspectives as a thought compass is mal-functioning, then we are trapped in a fallacious mire and going to the direction that is far from correct.

 

The force-balance mechanism and the mass-distribution status of current solar system

 

The Ju’s co-evolution theory vs the Eddington-Hoyle theory

The philosophic base for Ju’s co-evolution theory

Summarized laws and mathematics

The physical system of everything

Chapter 7

Using co-evolution model to explain some basic scientific issues

(1) The uneven mass-addition (malformation principle) along with the Solar thermal-magnetic ripping principle vs the mass-determination theory in explaining the irregular-shaped planetary body

 

 

The traditional astrophysics states that reason for a planetary body to be rounded or not is fully determined by its own gravity required for a certain amount absolute mass scale. while a given planetary body that has an irregular-shaped body was thought to have an insufficient body-mass that can hardly generate an sufficient slef-gravity required to become a rounded shape, in this physical scenario, a given planetary body can evolve to be a near-perfect spherical shape or not is fully mass-determined, instead of mechanism-determined. Conversely, the irregular-shaped planetary body was though to have insufficient body-mass that can not generate enough self-gravity in order to have them become rounded. However, this kind of mass-determination theory had an apparent inability to explain why some perfect-rounded moons are less massive than the irregular shaped dwarf planets. plus, scientists failed to give out a definable mass scale by which an given planetary body can become rounded. Ju’s co-evolution states that the determine factors for a given planetary body to become rounded or not has nothing to do with the absolute scale of its body-mass, or have nothing to do with the strength of its self-gravity corresponding to its own body-mass. or in other words, a given planetary body that has a rounded body shape or irregular body shape is not determined by the scale of its own mass-scale, but determined by the formational mechanism. according to the mass-determine-shape theory, all tiny atoms should collectively be irregular-shaped particles, instead of being spherical-shaped particles. an orange has to grow up to a moon-sized mass in order to become rounded.

 

Ju’s co-evolution theory states that the reason for a planetary body to be rounded or irregular-shaped is not determined by their mass-scale, but determined by the    3-D even-mass-addition and the even metallic-plasma-condensation mechanism, in this physical scenario, a given star-core-gestated embryonic metallic planetary caryosphere grow in mass by means of even-mass-addition on its spherical-shaped rigid bodies because of its high speed spin-flip motion, in this physical scenario, the planet-injected hadron jets colliding with the plasmatic material on photosphere envelope to produce some heavy elements in their plasmatic phase, which in term condense into the round-shaped rigid bodies of the metallic caryospheres that always stay in a spin-flip motion in a process the synthesized heavy elements can be simultaneously condensed into the surface of their rounded spinning rigid bodies, when the energy level of planet-injected hadron jets reach to a maximum high level, the multiple beams of the planet-injected hadron jets can shoot through the relatively thin photosphere envelope of the Sun and deep reach into the core-area of the Sun, colliding with each other to synthesize heavy metal elements in star-core, which in tern, the fresh-made plasma-phased heavy metal elements will evenly condense into the body of metallic caryosphere which has all-directional spin-flip motion, this motion style enable an embryonic metallic caryosphere to be added evenly with highly condensed plasmatic materials evenly distributed on the surfaces of these metallic caryospheres that grow in mass through the mechanism of Syn-SPCCHC & DNA. When these star-core-gestated metallic caryosphere grow up to massively matured status, they will be ejected out by their mother-component star during a physical process of binary-merger, in most of cases, these ejected metallic caryospheres appear to be spherically symmetric, making almost all of the planets appear to be a near-perfect rounded body. However, in our universe, not everything get done perfectly, there are still a a small percentage of malformed half-rounded metallic caryospheres are ejected out into local space as a malformed half-rounded dwarf planet, or moons in forms of the non-symmetric spheric body with some catering-like defects, termed the malformed embryonic metallic caryospheres. Or the malformation of the planetary embryos which happens during the celestial pregnant period of the female-component-star that is evolving in the evolution process of a merge-phased binary stars system.

 

The highly irregular shaped asteroid or comets is caused by different mechanism, according to Ju’s co-evolution theory, the various asteroids or comets, that are collectively called the Small Solar System’s Bodies, were formed by an unified astrophysical mechanism called the mechanism of solar thermal-magnetic ripping, or stellar-thermal-magnetic ripping, which occurs as a consequence of the universal law of planetary evolution—the synchronous decay of seven basic planetary parameters. In this physical scenario, a given dead-core of aged planet had its orbit decayed to a critical distance where is close enough to the Sun’s atmosphere where the million-degree Celsius hot temperature will melt the metallic core into a soft or liquid phase and the Sun’s superficial magnetic fields will be strong enough to rip the melted core up into fragmental pieces as remnants of dead-core of passed away planet that had died before Mercury, while the out-streaming solar wind will blowing away these ripped planetary debris into different orbits of outer Solar System, but most of them were trapped into the main belt of the asteroid belt between Mar and Jupiter due to the Jupiter’s predominate gravity. In fact, the current Mercury is a factually dead body of aged planet that will undergo the same fate in the near future, say in another one ten-million to billion years from or so. And of course, all other Solar System’s planets, including our Earth, will undergo the same universal unified astrophysical process because of the universal law of synchronous decay of seven basic planetary parameters over time in a process by which all the seven basic planetary parameters will decay exponentially over time. 

 

In general, the half-rounded malformed dwarf planet or moons can be treated as the malformed planetary fetus in termed of the star-core-gestated embryonic planetary caryospheres caused by the physical process of uneven mass-addition on the surface of bodies of metallic caryospheres which intrinsically have high speed of spin-flipped motion, while the highly irregular bodies of various asteroids and comets we see today in our Solar System are the remnants of disintegrated dead-core of passed away planets that had died before Mercury, which caused by the mechanism of the solar thermal-magnetic ripping. Therefore, we concluded that a given planetary body that is being shaped as a near-perfect rounded body or shaped as an irregular body, is not determined by its mass scale at all, but determined by the two previous described physical mechanism, the malformed half-rounded body due to the uneven-mass-addition or the non-symmetric metallic plasmatic-condensation in the mass-growing process of the metallic embryonic caryospheres and the mechanism of solar thermal-magnetic ripping which disintegrate the dead-core of passed way aged planets into out-blown fragmental debris. in other words, a given planetary body a rounded body or not has nothing to with their mass scale.      

 

 

(2) Origin of Earth’s water and origin of Earth’s life,

(3) mercury’s abnormal procede,

 

Chapter 8

The disastrous man-pushed astronomical events and its scientific-and-legal solution

 

 Because the ultimate goal we want to achieve in developing the theory of star-planet co-evolution is that :

 

(1)             the physical explanation of the correlation between the 2013 Asia nuclear test and the man-pushed disastrous Chelyabinsk meteorite event, and the correlation between the phenomena of thousand-time energy increasing in Van Allen Radiation Belt in 1958 and the intensive atmospheric nuclear tests wrongfully done by superpowers due to Cold War epoch.

 

(2)             The stellar-immigration is physically impossible because of the natural laws, the natural philosophical law of infinitive similarity and infinitive difference (PLISID), AN EQUIVALENT LAW OF CO-EXISTANCE OF SUPER-SYMMETRY AND NON-SYMMETRY expressed in the laws of formation and transmutation of chemical elements.  

 

 

(3)             MYETROUS WEIGHT LOSS OF ISP BY USING CO-EVOLUTION LAW AND THE NECLEAR FUSION REACTION AND THE LHC-activity co-PUSHED PHYSICAL PROCESS OF NON-PROMINENT QUANTUM EVAPORATION manifested as the mysteriously 50 mmg weight loss of international standard kilogram prototype.

(4)             The definitely disastrous result of intended lunar-mining industry that will lead to early human-extinction due the man-pushed disfunction or defunctionalization or disablement of the hammer-throw shield protectional mechanism of the moon. To explain the lunar-preceding effect and the different features of near-earth side and far-earth side By using two sets of laws---the synchronous decay law and orthogonal law. And the four basic catatrousgraphy ….

 

Chapter 10

List of laws, rules, mechanisms that proposed in Ju’s theory of star-planet co-evolution

 

(1)   all nuclides naturally occurring on any celestial system, such as nuclides naturally occurring on the Earth, are relatively stable, are relatively stable because they all have their finite half-lives. Conversely, no nuclide are absolutely stable, it means that no nuclide can survive forever without decaying into other species of nuclide. In more generalized notion, no system can survive forever without collapse, any macroscopic celestial system or microscopic system its finite life-time. all nuclides will age and finally decay into other types of particles.

 

(2)    The upper limits of half-lives of all nuclides will not exceed over the two times of the life time of the celestial system they make of, for example, the half-lives of any observationally stable nuclides that make up the Earth can not exceed over the life time of the Earth multiple by two, if the life time of the Earth from its “birth-day” as an newborn infant-planet(as an ejected metallic caryosphere) to its life-end as an dead-core is 10-12 billion years, multiple by 2 equals to 20-24 billion years as we consider its the star-core-gestated embryonic mass-growing time is about the same time span as it started from birthday of the infant-Earth to its life-end before the dead-core of the aged Earth is thermal-magnetically ripped up into debris due to the law of planetary evolution, or equivalently, the law of synchronous decay of seven basic planetary parameters states that a given planet will have its body mass decay to a negligible value over time at exponential decay rate as 99% of its body mass will be transferred into the star-core within its life-time of about 12 billion years as planet-injected density-increasing hadron jets that is composed of subatomic and subnucleonic particles, in more generalized notion, the half-life of any constituent microscopic system can not exceed over the two times of the life time of the macroscopic celestial system they make of. For example, the half-life of uranium-238 or bismuth-209 can not exceed over the two times of the life time of the Earth, it means that either the half-life of uranium-238 or the half-life of bismuth-209 can not exceed over 24 billion years, this suggests that the currently observation method and calculation formula are problematic. Because all lab-observation is experimentally implemented at the land-based lab with an very limited amount of observational time and without considering the orbital decay of the Earth along with the laws of synchronous decay of seven basic planetary parameters of the ongoing aging-Earth, plus without considering the observational environment, for example, the decay rate of the stable isotope of hydrogen will differ considerably between the land-based lab and the space-based lab if we put the certain amount of stable isotope of hydrogen at the altitude of Van Allen Radiation Belt, or put the samples in the place of bow shock area outside the Earth’s magnetosheath, then the half-life of stable isotopes of hydrogen will be far shorter than its land-based lab observation because of the violent  cosmic ray spallation will take place in these area where no ozone protection available. And the observational stable isotope of bismuth-209 that calculated in the land-based-lab environment might be vary unstable if we put the sample of bismuth-209 at the midpoint of the Earth’s orbit where the violent cosmic ray spallation will accelerate the decaying process considerably as the midpoint of the distance between current Earth and current Sun will be the future orbit of the orbital-decayed aged-Earth. this kind of decay rate of land-based observational results differing in different space environment and at different aging status of the Earth because of the law of synchronous decay of seven planetary parameters is the principle of dynamical change of decay rate of nuclide, alternatively, the non-stable principle. At this point, we concluded that no isotope of any given elements or no nuclide in the universe is absolutely stable. All observational stable nuclide are actually unstable, because the decay rate of any stable nuclide is being calculated based on land-based-lab experiment is subjected to change considerable not only because of the experimental condition is changed but also the aging status of a given celestial system is always in a dynamically changing.

Dr. we ju

June 30, 2017,,

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