The Master-key Theory of Explaining All Physical Phenomena (MKT)

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The Theory of Everything (ToE)

As its name implies, the Master-key Theory of Unified Physical Explanations (MKT) can easily be mistaken as an alternative version of the theory of everything (ToE), because both theories pursue a common goal of explaining all physical phenomena within a simple, intelligible, and essence-revealed unified theoretical frame. But in fact, the two theories are radically different from each other in many aspects, from the different worldviews (or cosmological perspectives) they express, to the different methodological strategies they take, and to the different contents they cover. For example, the basic worldviews expressed by GUTs and ToE (and all other fundamental physical theories concerning the origin of elements and the origin of matter and force particles and even the space-time) are derived from the Big Bang theory. This means that if the Big Bang theory is disproved, then all the current versions of ToE, including the theory of the origin of elements, will go bankrupt. In contrast, the MKT is a non-big-bang based unification theory, with its basic worldviews being diametrically different from that of the Big Bang theory. The MKT holds that the universe as a whole is spatially infinite and temporally eternal, only the cyclically forming, evolving and life-ending component bodies or component physical systems within the universe, from micro-quantum-physical scale to macro-celestial scale, have their finite lives. So any proposition concerning the origin, evolution and life-ending of the universe is essentially a false proposition and is therefore meaningless. In terms of the methodological approach to theoretical construction, the theorists of ToE focus on formulating a set of “unified” equations in order to provide a unified mathematical description of the four basic interactions. In order to make physical sense of their mathematical description, the ToE theorists simply mixed up mathematical abstractions with physical realities. They just use the Big Bang-based unverifiable assumptions to make false explanation for how the “once-unified” cosmic “meta-force” or “superforce” can be produced only in a big-bang-generated high-energy epoch which supposedly lasts for just ten million-trillion-trillion-trillionth of a second (10-43s) after the Big Bang, the so-called epoch of perfect CP-symmetry. Moreover, by making some unverifiable assumptions that serve as the starting points of inference, take the superstring theory for example, the theorists of ToE simply discourage the experimentalists from testing their theories. In contrast, all the basic ideas of the MKT are fully testable because of its simplicity, consistency and falsifiability, the theory asserts that, if the four fundamental interactions can be theoretically unified into a single interaction, they can be unified at any energy level by means of finding the micro-macro-unified physical mechanisms of creating the four fundamental interactions and the common nature shared by four fundamental interactions, rather than formulating a set of complicated mathematical equations to calculate the infinite number of parameters. After all, using a set of mathematical equations to calculate the unlimited numbers of physical parameters generated on the ever bigger particle accelerators cannot help scientists achieve a unified physical understanding of the so-called four fundamental interactions but only makes their effort on searching for the ToE far away from the right track. This is because that the key to successfully discover a workable master-key theory of explaining all physical phenomena has nothing to do with the energy level of a particle accelerator, but is related to the discovery of several unified physical laws, unified physical principles and unified physical mechanisms that are valid in both the macro and micro physical world. This is the base for an omnipotent theory to have the highest degree of simplicity, self-consistency, and verifiability or falsifiability. In other words, the super explanatory and predictive powers of a master-key theory must be based only on the discovery of the most fundamental, macro-micro-unified physical laws, principles, and mechanisms involving the creation, action and strength-evolution trend (in different contexts) of the unified single interaction, rather than on the ivory tower of mathematical symbols. In this regards, any purely mathematical approach to the theoretical construction of ToE, such as the superstring theory, cannot provide any realistic unified physical understanding about the common origin, common nature and common strength-changing trend (in different magnetic fields of different celestial bodies) of the four fundamental interactions, and it therefore cannot provide any realistic physical explanation to the common physical phenomena occurring in the sun-earth system, but not to say the unified physical explanation of all physical phenomena occurring outside the solar system. By comparison, the MKT can provide a series of simple, intelligible and consistent explanations to all the commonly-occurring physical phenomena occurring in the solar system, especially to all the physical phenomena (micro and macro) occurring in the sun-earth-moon system (in both micro-quantum-physical macro-astrophysical worlds), and more realistically, all of its theoretical predictions, including those that have already been evidentially-supported or yet-evidentially-verified, are completely falsifiable.

As mentioned above, the basic differences between MKT and ToE can be further summarized into three aspects:

1.     The difference in worldviews or cosmological perspectives

These two theories express two sets of diametrically different worldviews or cosmological perspectives, thus giving rise to two different ways of physical and philosophical thinking. For example, the basic worldviews of the ToE are derived from the basic worldviews of the Big Bang theory, while the basic worldviews of the MKT directly conflict with the worldviews of the Big Bang theory. The MKT holds that the universe as a whole is infinite in space and eternal in time, so any proposition about the origin and end of the universe is a false proposition and meaningless. It is only meaningful to study the laws, principles and mechanisms involving in the origin, evolution, ending and cyclically life-relaying of the component systems in the universe (either micro-quantum-physical or macro-celestial). So, the MKT refutes the core ideas of the Big Bang theory as absolutely fallacies (The evidence–supported arguments about the refutation of the so-called four pillar evidence supposedly supporting the Big Bang theory will be presented in next section).

2.     The difference in methodology or scientific paradigm

The two theories take different methodological strategies for their theoretical constructions because of their different paradigms of scientific thinking. The ToE theorists focus on formulating a group of complicated mathematical equations and are keen to make some unverifiable assumptions. For example, the superstring theory, which is widely regarded as one of the most promising candidate versions of ToE for its “potential” to harmonize general relativity with quantum mechanics, postulates that the fundamental building blocks of all particles and fields, and even space-time are two types of one-dimensional vibrating strings. This so-called cosmic strings are said to be a billion-trillion-trillionth of a centimeter (10-33cm) in length but to have no breadth or thickness—This is absolutely an fallacious concept because there no such thing as an object that only has a length without having breadth or thickness. Plus, the existence of such a hypothetical object is unverifiable, the superstring theory is therefore not a scientific theory but a purely nonsense—its scientific insight not even reaches the level of a mediocre science fiction, no matter how the superstring theorists think themselves to be a group most genius people in the world. Such a self-contradictory (or logic-violated) and purely equation-decorated theory is not even worth to be discussed by any scientist who has a basic ability to distinguish between scientific truth and fallacy. In contrast, the work of constructing MKT is focusing on searching for the micro-macro-unified physical laws, principles and mechanisms that are valid in both macro astrophysical world and micro quantum-physical world, aiming to provide a unified understanding of the essence-revealing qualitative explanations to the unified mechanisms of causing all physical phenomena, without the need to formulate any mathematical equation to calculate the accurate values of an unlimited physical parameters generated by the ever bigger particle accelerators in the force-acting and particle-transmuting processes. Based on the qualitative explanations to the unified mechanisms of causing the micro-micro-correlated physical phenomena. This means that the MKT focuses only on identifying the general mass-changing trends of some fundamental physical parameters of the mass-evolving celestial bodies and the general mass-changing trends of the dynamically transmuting constituent particles of the corresponding celestial bodies. And it also focus on studying how the macroscopic processes of the mass-evolving celestial bodies are synchronized with the microscopic processes of the transmutation of constituent particles of the corresponding celestial bodies, rather than providing the accurate-impossible calculations of those hierarchically infinite values of constantly changing properties of transmuting particles.

3.     The difference in contents

In addition to basic worldviews and methodological ideas, the two theories are also completely different in terms of their major contents. The main content of the ToE contains a set of unverifiable assumptions and a group of complicated mathematical equations that offer essentially the kinematic descriptions about the behavior of the moving bodies (both macro and/or micro) in different force fields, and such kinematic description do not provide any physical explanation about the underlying mechanism of causing the fundamental interactions, and it cannot yield any physical implication of how the gravitationally- or the electromagnetically-interacting bodies could perform the physical activity of nonequivalent mass-energy exchange between them. Another major flaw of the current versions of ToE is that they do not encompass any testable physical law, principle and mechanism involving the origin and evolution of the solar system. This is why those mathematical equations associated with the current versions of ToE do not have the basic function of explaining the common physical phenomena occurring in the sun-earth-moon system. So, if a unified field theory has no function of explaining any common physical phenomenon occurring in the solar system, it is then not qualified to be called the workable version of ToE. In this sense, the current versions of ToE, including the superstring theory, do not have the basic function of explaining the fundamental physical phenomena occurring in the solar system. So, there is no reason for superstring theories to be regarded as a promising candidate of the ToE. In contrast, the content of the MKT encompasses the core ideas of the theory of star-planet coevolution (ToSPC), which gives the MKT a powerful function of explaining the mechanism of how the gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the sun and planets is created. Since the basic content of MKT contains several suggested verifiable laws, principles and mechanisms involving in the origin and evolution of the solar system, and several mechanisms and laws involving the formation and evolution of sunspots and the sunspot cycle-associated solar-terrestrial-correlated physical phenomena. It can therefore provide a series of logically consistent, macro-micro-unified explanations to all physical phenomena occurring in the sun-earth system. Moreover, the MKT introduced an extra new notion of the hypothetical cosmic physical mechanism, called the double-hole-structured dual-energy-conversion mechanism (A grand new notion that will surely replace the old notion of black hole), which provides a realistic, intelligible, and verifiable explanation for how the mass-density of subatomic particles and how the energy-density of particle streams (or currents) can be cyclically and reversibly changed by the double-hole-structured dual-energy-conversion system. And it also provides a realistic explanation for how and why an approximate CP-symmetry (not exact symmetry) is an innate, inherent and essential to the universe. For example, the MKT can explain the mechanism of how the Fermi Bubble of our Milky Way is created and how the symmetrically  out-streaming expanding gamma-ray-manifested “Yang-natured Positive-Photothermal-Expanding energy and the bidirectional-inward-streaming contracting X-ray-manifested “Yin-natured Negative-Darkcold-Contracting energy” can mutually be converted to each other within a galaxy-scaled double-hole-structured dual-energy conversion system. Thus, the MKT asserts that there is no existence of black hole in the universe at all, the so-called supermassive black hole supposedly existing in the center of spiral galaxies should be redefined as the new notion of a double-hole-structured dual-energy conversion system and physical mechanism of double-hole-structured dual-energy conversion mechanism should be the ultimate cosmic physical mechanism which gives rise to the dualistic-natured electrical charges and the existence of approximate CP-symmetry. Thus, the basic content of MKT makes itself an omnipotent power of explaining all physical phenomena, including the explanation of the physical mechanism of the formation of Fermi Bubble, and the more realistic explanation of how the symmetrically out-streaming and volume-expanding (density-decreasing) gamma-ray-represented photo-thermal energy flow and the symmetrically center-oriented inspiraling and volume-shrinking (density-increasing) X-ray-represented dark-cold energy flow can be mutually converted to each other within a single symmetric Fermi Bubble-manifested double-hole-structured dual-energy conversion system.

 

Refuting the four pillar evidence supposedly supporting the Big Bang Theory

Since the current versions of GUTs and ToE are based on the basic worldviews and assumptions of the Big Bang theory, if the big bang theory is disproved as a fallacious theory, then all the big bang-based physical theories, including those theories concerning the origin and differentiation of the four fundamental interactions, and the origin and transmutation of elements, and the origin and annihilation of matter and antimatter particles, will all go bankrupt. Although the recent observational evidence made by the James Weber Telescope is unfavorable to the Big Bang theory, it is also essential to refute the so-called four pillar evidence that supposedly support the big bang theory. The following statements are the evidence- and logic-based refutations of the so-called four pillar evidence:

(1). Refuting the erroneous view of explaining Hubble's redshift phenomenon as the expansion of cosmic space

One of the so-called four pillar evidence in support of BBT is the Hubble’s redshift of distant galaxies, which is described by Hubble’s law of redshift. This “evidence” is typically a far-fetched and highly theory-laden misinterpretation of astrophysical phenomena. We can easily refute this false interpretation with three basic argument points:

(a). To speak of the expansion of essentially infinite universe is meaningless, since the universe is infinitely big in space, no matter how far our advanced astronomical telescopes have and will have reached, the range of our observed space is only a small piece of the corner of the entire universe. In principle, we cannot interpret some physical effects being observed within a very limited range of cosmic space as the evidence of the expansion of the entire cosmic space. The basic method used by astrophysicists to determine whether a local space of certain volume is expanding or shrinking is to observe the changes of the distances among multiple spatial mass-points represented by multiple galaxies or superclusters of galaxy. In fact, within a range of cosmic space occupied by a supercluster of galaxies, the galaxies or even galaxy clusters are actually approaching each other, which suggest that the distance between multiple galaxies, and the distance between galaxy clusters, are actually shrinking, rather than expanding. Only the space among multiple superclusters are expanding. So, the proponents of BBT like to use double-standard based evidence to determine whether the cosmic space is shrinking or expanding.

(b). The redshift of distant galaxies can be the common astrophysical phenomenon caused by the principle of relative galactic redshift. In this physical scenario, any two or more galaxy-borne observers who are distributed on different galaxies of different superclusters that belong to the different great attractors, say, the great attractor-A, B, and C, will naturally see the same phenomenon of relative redshift from each other as the galaxies of different superclusters of different great attractors-A, B, and C are receding from each other to different directions in an 3-dimensional space. This is something like a giant water tank that contains a large number of fishes who are moving to different feeding points that are uniformly distributed in different points of equal distance, in this physical scenario, the several fish-borne observers that are moving towards the different feeding points will natural observe the relative redshift effect because the multiple fish-borne observer are moving away from each other. While the distance between different fish-borne observers becomes longer and longer, the volume of the giant fish tank does not change.

(c) Moreover, our solar system and all its surrounding stellar system are orbiting about the same axis of the spiral of Milky Way and they approaching each other toward their common baryonic mass-point of the future steller-merging event, which means that our solar system is moving towards the center of Milky Way while in the same time moving towards the axis of spiral arm of Milky Way, which makes the cosmic fog effect stronger to strengthen the effect of relative redshift. And if we think this principle of relative redshift working in a three-dimensional space, plus the cosmic fog effect, then, the effect of the principle of relative redshift will be strengthened which may manifest as the phenomenon of the accelerating processes of the relative redshift occurring among multiple different great attractors. Thus, Hubble’s law of redshift cannot be interpreted as the compelling evidence in support of BBT, rather, this is typically a far-fetched, theory-laden misinterpretation of natural phenomena caused by the principle of relative redshift occurring on the large scale of superclusters or the scale of great attractors.

(2). Refuting the erroneous view of explaining the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) as the evidence (dubbed afterglow) of the Big Bang event

The existence of CMBR has long been misinterpreted as one of four major evidence of supposedly supporting BBT as it dubbed as the “afterglow” of the big bang event. Such an explanation is typically a far-fetched theory-laden interpretation of astrophysical phenomenon, which can be easily replaced by another more rational, more intelligible alternative explanation underlined with another more plausible, more verifiable physical mechanism. Since data are always open to more than one interpretation and any interpretation is based on certain theory-laden assumptions, CMBR can be better explained a newly proposed macro-micro-unified physical mechanism based on the basic assumptions of the theory of star-planet coevolution (ToSPC). According to the ToSPC, all types of electromagnetic radiation, whether quantum-physical or astrophysical, are caused by the macro-micro-unified common mechanism of frequently intercutting and entangling of magnetic fields lines of two or more independently rotating magnetic fields carried by spinning particles or rotating celestial bodies of different mass-energy scales. The means that CMBR is primarily produced by the universally unified mechanism of the frequently intercutting and entangling of the magnetic fields lines of multiple rotating magnetic fields of celestial bodies and their constituent atoms of all energy scales, from the rotating magnetic fields of atomic-scale, to stellar-scale, and to the rotating magnetic fields of galactic-scale, cluster-scale, and even the supercluster and great attractor scales. This mechanism of creating the CMBR is more plausible because it’s higher verifiability or falsifiability when comparing with the BBT-laden “afterglow” analogical explanation. In this picture, the CMBR is essentially an integrated astrophysical-scaled electromagnetic effect caused by the dynamically intercutting and entangling of the magnetic fields lines of the rotating magnetic fields of all energy scales corresponding to the magnetic fields of all mass-energy scales, from the atomic-scaled nuclei’s magnetic field, to the stellar-scaled, galactic-scaled, and then to the supercluster-scaled and even the great attractor-scaled magnetic field. And ultimately, the mechanism of creating the CMRB is the common mechanism shared with the everyday dynamo mechanism of producing the electric power and of the week radiation glows showing around the generator and the high-voltage lines. And nothing distinct, nothing special!

In the physical scenario of the everyday dynamo mechanism of generating electric power, one can easily understand how the macro-micro-unified physical mechanism works in different contexts by showing the unified nature, in this regard, one can understand that the essence of the everyday dynamo mechanism is also the dynamical intercutting and entangling of the magnetic fields lines between magnet-carrying magnetic field that is integrated by a large number of individual atomic-scaled nuclear magnetic fields of iron, neodymium and boron atoms and the magnetic field lines of the coil-carrying magnetic field that is integrated by a large number of individual atomic-scaled nuclear magnetic fields of all the iron or copper atoms that constitute the wires of coil. Therefore, the physical mechanism of everyday electric power generation and the physical mechanism of producing the cosmic background radiation are essentially the universally micro-macro-unified physical mechanism—the mechanism of intercutting and entangling between different magnetic fields lines of all rotating bodies of various mass-energy scales. Thus, the ultimate cause of the cosmic microwave background radiation is simply the universally unified mechanism of the constant intercutting and entanglement of magnetic fields lines between different rotating magnetic fields of all rotating bodies interacted, from the galactic-scaled body-carrying magnetic fields to the subatomic-scaled particle-carrying magnetic fields. So, the cause of cosmic microwave background radiation has nothing to do with the hypothetical big bang event.

(3). Refuting the view that the abundances of light elements can be interpreted as the evidence of supporting the Big Bang-triggered primordial nucleosynthesis mechanism

The abundances of light elements have long been misinterpreted as one of four pillar evidence in support of BBT. According to the BBT, the mass majority of the lightest three elements, hydrogen, helium and lithium, were supposedly created by the big bang-triggered mechanism of primordial nucleosythesis. In this physical scenario, the high-energy quark-gluon plasma sea was first created in a transient quark-gluon epoch right after the big bang, and within next few minutes, the mass majority of the lightest three elements, hydrogen, helium and lithium, were created by the so-called primordial nucleosynthesis, and later in the processes of the origin and evolution of the so-called first- and second-generation stars, all other elements heavier than lithium were supposedly created by the mechanism of stellar nucleosynthesis, including the events of various types of supernovae explosions. The BBT supporters believe that the current standard model of BBT can be used to calculate the ratio of light elements such as helium-4, helium-3, deuterium, and lithium-7 relative to hydrogen-1 based on a speculated ratio of radiation (photons) and to matter (baryons) in the early universe. However, the mechanism of big bang-triggered primordial nucleosynthesis and the mechanism of stellar nucleosynthesis are two highly speculative hypothetical mechanisms that have not yet been experimentally verified. There has been increasing evidence that the two mechanisms can be fundamentally incorrect. We believe that the two mechanisms of primordial nucleosynthesis and the stellar nucleosynthesis can be cross-falsified by two lines of evidence:

a)     Any evidence that can confirm a fact that the average lifetime of the stable constituent elements (in particular the stable isotopes of hydorogen-1 and helium-4) of a planet is shorter than the average lifetime of planets, or any evidence that proves a fact that the average lifetime of the stable constituent elements of a star is shorter than the average lifetime of sun-like star, will naturally lead to the falsification the mechanism of the so-called big bang-triggered primordial nucleosynthesis. Hence, the falsification of BBT.

b)    Any evidence that can confirm a fact that the mechanism  by which the heavy metal elements are synthesized in star cores is actually a star-planet co-created, co-energized, and star-planet’s double-sourced particle streams colliding in star core under the magnetic field force confinement the star, rather than the classical mechanism of hydrogen-fueled nuclear fusion reaction, and/or CNO cycle, will naturally lead to the falsification of classical stellar nucleosynthesis, and hence the falsification of BBT.

The following two newly-proposed mechanisms involving the origin and transmutation of elements and the origin and transmutation of protons, are highly falsifiable or verifiable.

According to the theory of star-planet coevolution, the mechanism of the origin and transmutation (decaying into pions and muons) of protons and the origin and transmutation of elements are two inseparable succeeding processes, and the two microscopic particle-physical processes and the macroscopic astrophysical processes of the origin and evolution of planet-bearing star system are totally synchronized. In one cyclic astrophysical process in which one pair of binary-star system merging into a solar-like single star system, and two solar-like star systems merging into next-generation single star system, all kinds of elements, from the lightest hydrogen-1 to the heaviest transuranium elements, will be synthesized out. And in the same process, all heavy metal elements, including uranium and iron, will ultimately transmute into hydrogen-1, and all atoms of hydrogen-1 will be ionized into protons and electrons, the latter two will move into the protonosphere of an earth-like planet, and all protons in protonosphere will continuously move up into the lower region of Van Allen Radiation Belt where the planet-sourced protons and the star-sourced protons that are captured into the upper region of Van Allen Radiation Belt will collide with each other in the middle region between lower and upper belts and undergo a cascade decay into pions and muons, and then, muons decay into electron and positrons. This picture suggests an existence of a fundamental principle that the mean lifetime of all the constituent elemental atoms of a planet cannot exceeds the mean lifetime of planets. Likewise, the mean lifetime of the hydrogen-1 atoms that constitute a star is far shorter than the mean lifetime of solar-like stars. To make this picture clearer, we take the earth-sun system as a natural experimental lab to see how the constituent elements of the earth, including U-238 and Fe-56, will ultimately decay into hydrogen-1 that will move up into the hydrogen shell in the earth’s upper atmosphere where the highly ionized hydrogen-1 atoms will be further disintegrated into protons (dubbed the terrestrial protons—“T-protons”) and electrons (dubbed terrestrial electrons or “T-electrons”) via the mechanism of photodissociation. And the terrestrial protons will continuously move up into a broad region across from protonosphere to the entire lower region of Van Allen Radiation Belt where the up-streaming terrestrial protons will collide with the down-streaming solar-sourced protons coming from the upper region of Van Allen Radiation Belt.

In the new picture, when the solar system originated from an event of a stellar merger, the earth, as a daughter product produced by the mechanism of stellar-merger-triggered metallic karyosphere-ejection, was a highly compact, fast-spinning metallic ball with a strong magnetic field, its core is consisted primarily of ultraheavy mega nuclei elements (UMNEs) and its mantle is made primarily transuranium elements, with its crust being made primarily iron-nickel alloy, with little-to-no light gaseous elements (like hydrogen, helium, oxygen and nitrogen) in its tenuous atmosphere, but carrying a very strong magnetic field. Since the sun has a huge magnetic field which extend to a range of a light years away, the rotating earth has its magnetic field lines being constantly intercutting and entangling with of the solar magnetic field lines, the mechanism of which leads to the formation of invisible giant electromagnetic bond that seamlessly connects the sun’s magnetic field with the earth’s magnetic field via the bidirectional-flowing and frequently intercutting electromagnetically charged particle streams. The formation of a giant gravito-electromagnetic bond between the sun and earth makes the sun-earth system a holistic coevolutionary system in which the sun and earth are coevolving through a underlined physical mechanism of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange. The process of the sun-earth coevolution is supposedly governed by the four fundamental laws of star-planet coevolution. The fourth law of star-planet coevolution states that the solar photo-thermal radioactive energy promotes the earth’s microscopic particle transmutation process characterized by mass-energy decaying-trended elemental transmutation while the earth’s planetary energy carried by the earth-ejected sunward-streaming electromagnetic energy-carrying lepton-dominant energy jet will promote the mass-gaining process of the sun-core-operated mechanism of heavy metal elements synthesis. In this physical scenario, from the earth’s core to its upper atmosphere, there is an existence of a mass-decaying-trended process of uranium-to-hydrogen transmutation chain (we use uranium-238 as a representative heavy element to represent all the elements heavier than uranium-238 to be a starting point of mass-decaying trended elemental transmutation chain). In this physical scenario, all the isotopes of uranium will ultimately transmute into H-1 atoms through various modes of radioactive and non-radioactive decay. Besides the known modes of radioactive decay, we proposed a new mode of chemical bond-promoted plus-minus-alternated systematic beta decaying processes (detailed explanation is presented in chapter 2, 3 and 4). In this physical scenario, all the earth’s constituent elements heavier than H-1 will ultimately transmute into H-1 that will move up into the hydrogen shell in earth upper atmosphere, 

In other words,

According to the theory of star-planet coevolution, the mechanism of the origin and transmutation (decaying into pions and muons) of protons and the origin and transmutation of elements are two inseperated succeeding processes once verified to be true, will lead to the cross-falsification of ing the For example, if we can experimentally confirm such a fact that the solar protons will immediately decay into pions and muons, and the latter two continuously decay into electrons and positrons, when the solar protons entered the upper region of the earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt where the down-streaming solar protons and the up-streaming terrestrial protons will collide with each other because of the existence of the mechanism of proton-antiproton mutual conversion and collision. In earth bound, all the earth’s constituent atoms heavier than hydrogen-1 will ultimately transmute into hydrogen via various modes of radioactive and non-radioactive decay. of uranium-238 and uranium-235 will ultimately transmute into elemental atoms of hydrogen-1 via various modes of radioactive and non-radioactove decay. And all atoms of hydrogen-1 occurring on earth that derived originally from the decay of various isotopes of transuranium and uranium elements will eventually move up into the hydrogen shell of the earth’s upper atmosphere, and all elemental atoms of hydrogen-1 will eventually be disintegrated into protons and electrons by the mechanism of the solar photodissocition, and all protons occurring in the earth’s protonosphere as the results of the photodissociation of hydrogen atoms are then called terrestrial protons. All these terrestrial protons will continuously move up into the broad regions across from the protonosphere to the lower region of the earth’s Van Allen Radition Belt, wherein all these terrestrial protons in the protonosphere will undergo a cascade proton-pion-muon-electron/positron decay via the newly-proposed hypothetical mechanism which is essentially a sun-earth co-created and co-energized physical mechanism which should operate in the entire region of the earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt, which is defined as the mechanism of the earth-sun’s double magnetic fields co-energized, and the geomagnetic field confined, and the earth-sun’s double-sourced terrestrial-proton and solar-proton mutually conversion and collision (the cascade mechanism of proton-antiproton conversion-collision-and-transmutation).

c)     And all the pions and muons and the electron-positrons created by the above-described cascade mechanism of proton-antiproton conversion-collision-and transmutation operating in the Van Allen Radiation Belt will eventually be recombined into a huge flux of the earth-ejected sunward-streaming lepton jet that will be injected all the way into the sun’s core to become the raw materials of synthesizing the heavy metal elements in the sun’s core. This picture suggests that all baryons, nucleons and nuclei occurring in the current solar system should be originally made of leptons and energy quanta, and all leptons and energy quanta must originally made of deeper and subtler structures of etheric magneto-vortices. The mechanism by which the all the baryons, nucleons, nuclei and elemental atoms occurring in current earth and the solar system are actually created by the common mechanism co-operated by the star and planets of the parent planet-bearing star system.

If the above-described mechanisms and processes are proved to be true, then one of the important prediction of ToSPC is that the average lifetime of the constituent elements of planets is always shorter than the average lifetime of the planets. And the mean lifetime of all constituent elemental atoms of any star is always shorter than the mean lifetime of stars. This means that the current method of calculating the average lifetime of stable elements, especially the calculation of the mean lifetime of hydrogen or helium, is fundamentally incorrect and people often confuse the conception of mean lifetime of elements with the half-lives of elements. Since the BBT requires that the mean lifetime of hydrogen-1 atoms and the mean lifetime of protons are both far longer than of sun-like stars or planets. Therefore, if we can confirm the fact that the masses of all the earth’s constituent atoms will be ultimately transferred into the sun’s core (to be used by the sun as the raw materials to synthesize the next-generation heavy elements) before being dissociated into various subatomic leptonic particles within the region of the earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt, then the two mechanisms of nucleon and nuclei synthesis—the mechanism of primordial nucleosynthesis and of the stellar nucleosynthesis, will both be cross-falsified. Hence, the falsification of BBT.

By comparison, the newly proposed mechanism of elemental nucleosynthesis—the mechanism of sun-planet co-created, and the sun-planet’s double magnetic fields co-energized, and the solar magnetic field-confined double-sourced particle jets colliding is more plausible simply because of its verifiability or falsifiability. According to the theory of star-planet coevolution, within a cyclic process in which one pair of binary-star system merging into a planet-bearing single star system, and two adjacent single-star systems, like the current solar system and its adjacent Alpha Centauri system, evolve into two giant-core-gestated component stars of next-generation contact binary system, the microscopic cyclic process in which leptons ware synthesized into heavy metal elements and again, all heavy metal elements decay into the lightest element of hydrogen-1, and the cascade processes of hydrogen→proton→pion→-muon→electron-prositron-pair chain transmutation, will complete as a finished cycle of uranium→hydrogen→proton→pion→-muon→electron/prositron/pair chain to the next-generation uranium. For this sense, one of the diametrical difference in the viewpoint on the origin and transmutation of elements between BBT and ToSPC is that, in the picture of BBT, the microscopic processes of the origin and transmutation of elements and the macroscopic processes of the origin and evolution of planet-bearing stellar systems are not synchronized, whereas in ToSPC, the two microscopic and macroscopic processes are completely synchronized as a whole—the principle of which is called the principle of macro-and-microscopic processes synchronization. And this principle is the key physical bases for the existence of the most fundamental micro-macro-unified physical laws, principles and mechanisms. Hence, the existence of the master-key theory of fundamental science.

(4). Refuting the interpretation of large-scale homogeneity as the evidence of supposedly supporting BBT

The mainstream cosmologists interpret the large-scale homogeneity or large-scale isotropy of the cosmic space as the result of the big bang-caused spatial inflation. However, a far more sensible interpretation of the large-scale homogeneity is that the cosmic space itself has an inherent physical property of a liquid fluid because the space is made up of liquid-like magneto-plasmatic fluid that exists in a dynamic form spirally flowing vortices of infinite grades of mass-energy levels. We can simply picture the cosmic space as an infinitely big tank of magnetic fluid sea filled with vector-featured vortices that electromagnetically connect all kinds of constituent bodies of infinitely more grades of mass-energy levels. Since any kinds of liquid has an inherent, innate property of averaging its mass density, so, the large-scale homogeneity is produced by the laws, principles and mechanisms involving in the electromagnetically energized hydrodynamic entity. This interpretation is consistent with basic assumption of the master-key theory that the universe is motivated only by the macrocosm-microcosm-unified electromagnetic energy and the macro-micro-unified electromagnetic force which has infinitively more grades of mass-energy levels and may manifest in many different ways.

The basic views of the master-key theory of fundamental science

As early explained, we believe that the correct method of discovering the ultimate master-key theory of explaining all physical phenomena is to find out a set of the most fundamental, and microcosm-macrocosm-unified physical laws, principles and mechanisms that can be used to qualitatively explain all physical phenomena without the need of adding any extra assumptions. This means that all these explanations must reach the essence-revealing level, rather than superficial explanation. Since the biggest challenge faced by mainstream theorists is to incorporate gravity into a unified mathematical model that already includes electromagnetism, and the strong and weak nuclear forces, in order to make it easier for mainstream theorists to understand and be willing to test the master key theory, I would like to start my journey of discovering the master-key theory by revealing the physical mechanism of how the gravitational interaction between the sun and planets is produced and what is exactly the essential nature of gravity.

1)    . The physical mechanism of how the gravitational interaction between the sun and planets is produced, and what is the essential nature of gravity

a)    The SSPR-dynamo mechanism

All the BBT-based unification field theories share a common basic view that the four fundamental forces were originally merged into a single force in a transient high-energy unification epoch right after the big bang—the imaginary age of perfect symmetry. As the universe cooled in the process of inflation, spontaneous symmetry-breaking occurred. In this imaginary picture, first, gravity separated out as a distinct force, then the strong nuclear force, and finally the weak nuclear force and electromagnetism. However, all evidence point to a fact that the so-called four fundamental interactions are essentially electromagnetic interaction which manifests in different ways. So, I believe that all the BBT-based versions of the unified field theory are fundamentally incorrect since BTT itself is fundamentally incorrect. This means that the existence of a unified field theory has nothing to do with the big-bang fairytale, if the four fundamental interactions can be theoretically unified, they can be unified at any energy level, rather than the BTT-described non-reachable high energy level. The only physical base on which we can discover the unified field theory is the existence of a common physical mechanism shared by the four fundamental interactions and a macrocosm-microcosm-unified physical principle that can deeply reveal the essential nature of the macrocosm-microcosm-unified single interaction in all cases.

Following this mind map guided by afore-mentioned thought-compass, I confidently assert that the gravitational interaction between the sun and planets is essentially the electromagnetic interaction which manifests itself as a low-flux (or weak strength) but a large cross-sectional penetrating electromagnetic bonding force (coined as gravitromagnetic interaction). The characteristic property of low-flux (or weak strength) and a large cross-sectional penetration of the inter-solar-planetary electromagnetic force was wrongfully identified by Isaac Newton as a distinct gravitational force due to his historic limits. Because, at Newton’s time, people had no idea of how an electromagnetic force can be produced by Faraday’s dynamo mechanism. Even today, most physicists may not have a deep understanding of the essential nature of dynamo mechanism, and may tell you that the mechanism of producing an electric power is simply a mechanism of creating a dynamic process of the relative motion between a magnet and a metal coil, in which process, a rotating metal coil is dynamically intercutting with the magnetic field lines of a magnet, thus, creating both an electric current in the conductor and a magnetic field around it. However, this explanation does not reveal the essence of the everyday dynamo mechanism. The essence of the everyday dynamo mechanism is the relatively mutual intercutting and entangling of the magnetic fields’ lines between the integrated macroscopic magnetic field of many microscopic nuclear magnetic fields of metal atoms that make up a magnet and the integrated macroscopic magnetic field of many microscopic nuclear magnetic fields of metal atoms that make up the metal coil. In other words, the mechanism of producing an electromagnetic interaction between bodies is all about the dynamically intercutting and entangling of the magnetic fields lines of two or more magnetic field-carrying rotating bodies. Based on this idea, I have reached conclusion that any form of electromagnetic interaction with any grade of mass-energy level, either micro-quantum-physical or macro-astrophysical, is produced by the universally macrocosm-microcosm-unified physical mechanism of dynamically intercutting and entangling of the magnetic fields’ lines of two or more rotating bodies carrying their magnetic fields of certain magnitude. This means that the identification of the physical mechanism of creating an electromagnetic interaction between bodies has nothing to do with the mean mass or the mean magnetic field strength of any two or more electromagnetically bonding bodies. Logically, the definition of electromagnetic interaction force should not be determined by the strength of the force. Therefore, the traditional classification method of recognizing the fundamental forces by determining their force strength is completely wrong. The electromagnetic interaction is the only fundamental interaction acting between bodies of all mass-energy levels. Based on this basic view, I propose that the mechanism by which the gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the sun and planets is produced is the SSPR-dynamo mechanism—the Stellar-Stator and Planetary-Rotor integrated dynamo mechanism. In this physical scenario, the sun acting as a giant stellar-stator with its effective magnetic field reaching the outer edge of the Oort cloud (about two light years across), and all the solar system’s planets collectively acting as planetary-rotor, the orbiting-rotating-synchronized motion of a planet would surely enable its magnetic field lines to be constantly intercut and entangled with the magnetic field line of the sun, which creates a large number of bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic wave energy-carrying particle streams that are frequently intercutting and entangling with each other on every step of their oppositely moving toward the cores of the sun and the planet. This is the real mechanism of how the inter-solar-planetary electromagnetic interaction is mediated. The physical behavior of frequently intercutting-and-entangling of the bidirectional-flowing magnified particle streams are the real force-mediator while photons are merely the transient products of the magnetic line-intercutting-created magneto-fluid-carrying vortices of subtler levels. Meanwhile, the existence of the bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic wave energy-carrying particle streams allow the sun and each planet to co-perform the physical activity of bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange and asymmetrically mass-energy hybridization. After all, the solar system as a whole is a natural star-planet-integrated complex dynamo system which comprises multilevel sub-dynamo systems. For each planet-scaled sub-dynamo system, all of its constituent atoms and molecules act as atomic-molecular-scaled micro-dynamo dynamo system. No matter how many grades of sub-dynamo systems are there to be integrated into sub-magnetic fields of the solar- and planetary-scale, the macro-micro-unified dynamo mechanism that produces the ubiquitously acting electromagnetic interactions between any two or more magnetic field-carrying spinning bodies are exactly the same. Albert Einstein’s scientific belief that the physical world should follow the principle of simplicity is absolutely correct.

b)    The macrocosm-microcosm-unified principle of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting of the magnetic fields’ lines of two magnetic field-carrying spinning bodies

 

It must be specially noted that, for any two-body system, e.g., the earth-moon system, or a binary-star system, or a diatomic molecular system, the mechanism by which the long-lasting electromagnetic interaction between two spinning bodies (of all mass-energy scales) is created is orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting and entangling of the magnetic fields’ lines of the two electromagnetically-interacting bodies, that is, in order to producing a long-lasting stable electromagnetic interaction, the axes of the two spinning bodies must be perpendicular to each other in order to produce an approximately flux-balancing bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic particle streams. The principle of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting of two spinning bodies states that, the closer the angle between the rotation axes of two magnetic field-carrying rotating objects is to 90 degrees, the more balanced the values of the flux of the bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic particle streams is generated, that is, the values of the fluxes of the bidirectional-flowing and frequently-intercutting and mutually entangling particle streams are closer, and therefore, the longer the duration of the electromagnetic interaction between two bodies is generated. Because of the existence of this newly proposed principle of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting of the magnetic fields’ lines of two bonding bodies, this is why, in any relatively stable two-body system, the intersectional angle between the rotation axes of two rotating (magnetic field-carrying) bodies is always close to 90 degrees. For example, in the earth-moon two-body system, the rotational axis of the earth is perpendicular to the rotational axis of the moon, this is why an earth-based observer cannot directly see the far-side of the moon. In any binary-star system, the axes of the component stars are always perpendicular to one another. In a binary-galaxy system, such as the Milky Way-Andromeda binary system, the rotational axis of the Milky Way is always perpendicular to the rotational axis of Andromeda, this is why the Milky Way-based observer sees Andromeda galaxy as a spindle-like shape. In any of a biatomic molecular system, the axes of the two electromagnetically bonding atoms must be perpendicular to one another because the mechanism by which the chemical bond (the electromagnetic interaction acting at an atomic-molecular scale) is formed is intercutting and entangling of the magnetic field lines of the nuclear magnetic fields of two bonding atoms, this means that the mechanism by which the electromagnetic interaction is mediated is the bidirectional-flowing and frequently intercutting and entangling subatomic particle streams while the valence electrons are merely the participants in bond creating process, rather than determining physical factor of bond formation. The mean magnitude of the magnetic field strength of the bonding atoms and the mean flux of the bidirectional-flowing and frequently intercutting-and-entangling subatomic streams are the underlined determining physical factors in the bond-forming process.  

c)     The macrocosm-microcosm-unified principle of the tunnel-bond duality of electromagnetic bond of all kinds and all levels

As described above, the physical mechanism by which the macroscopic weak electromagnetic interaction between the sun and the planet (a giant celestial-scaled electromagnetic bond) is produced and the physical mechanism by which the microscopic strong electromagnetic interaction between two atomic particles (Chemical bond) or subatomic particles (e.g., the strong electromagnetic bond acting at the inter-nucleonic level or the inter-baryon-lepton level), are exactly the same—the frequently intercutting-and-entangling of the magnetic fields’ lines of two or more magnetic field-carrying rotating bodies of mass-energy scales. And the mechanism by which the electromagnetic force is mediated between two or more rotating objects of all mass-energy scales is also the same—the bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic wave energy-carrying particle streams that are always in a dynamical status of frequently intercutting and mutually entangling with each other on every step of their oppositely streaming toward the two mass-centers of the bonding bodies. While the mechanism of frequently intercutting-and-entangling of the bidirectional-flowing magnified particle streams provides a plausible, intelligent and verifiable explanation of how the electromagnetic interaction is mediated between bodies, the existence of bidirectional-flowing magnified particle streams with non-equal-flux naturally provides a consistent explanation of how the mechanism of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange and asymmetric mass-energy hybridization between two strongly or weakly electromagnetically interacting bodies is operated. This means that both the giant gravito-electromagnetic bond working between the sun and a planet, and the microscopic atomic-molecular-scaled electromagnetic bond (or chemical bond) should have two basic functions, the force-mediating bond function and the mass-energy-exchanging tunnel or channel function. In other words, a macroscopic sun-planet-linking bond or a microscopic chemical bond acts as a force-mediating bond and a mass-energy-exchanging tunnel simultaneously. This is called the principle of functional duality of electromagnetic bond or the principle of tunnel-bond duality. Because the principle of tunnel-bond duality is valid in both the macro-astrophysical world and the micro-quantum-physical world, therefore, it is a most fundamental, microcosm-macrocosm-unified physical principle.

All the microcosm-macrocosm-unified physical laws, mechanisms and principles are termed as the basic theoretical unification factors (BTUFs). The more BTUFs are included in the framework of a unified field theory, the less basic assumptions the theory requires. And the less basic assumptions made in a theory will lead to its greater simplicity. And a greater simplicity means a higher level of self-consistency, falsifiability, and the completeness of the theory. Hence, a higher predictive and explanatory power the theory has.

d)    The prediction of the existence of a  double-hole-structured and double holes’ effects hybridized dual-energy conversion and stellar-merger promotion system/mechanism (DHS-DHEH-DEC&SMPS/M)

d-1) In addition to the above-described macrocosm-microcosm-unified physical laws, principles, and mechanisms (being generalized as basic theoretical unification factors), I also predict an existence of the most fundamental，macro-micro-unified physical mechanism in the universe, namely the double-hole-structured and double holes’ effects hybridized dual-energy conversion and stellar-merger promotion system and/or mechanism (DHS-DHEshybri-DEC-SMPS/M). The notion of the “double holes’ effects” (DHEs) refers to the black-hole effect (BHE) and the white-hole effect (WHE). So, the notion of the hybridization of the double holes’ effects refers to the inseparable combination of black-hole effect and white-hole effect. And the notion of dual-energy means that the traditional monistic notion of energy can in fact be relatively classified as two types of dualistically-natured but physically coupling energies, I name them as “the yang-natured and positive-charged photothermal-expansion energy (Yang-PCPTE)” and “the yin-natured and negative-charged darkcold-condensation energy (Yin-NCDCE)” respectively. The physical relationship between the double holes’ effects and the dualistically classified energies (Yang-PCPTE/ Yin-NCDCE) and their corresponding properties and functions will be generally described as following statements:

The white hole effect produces Yang-natured positive charged photothermal-expansion energy (Yang-PCPTE) which has an intrinsic, innate property of producing a 3D quasi-spherical expanding force and an 1D repulsive antigravity force while simultaneously promoting the quantum-evaporation process of mass-decaying-trended elemental transmutation (e.g., uranium-to-hydrogen trended elemental transmutation the process of which occurs on planets); whereas, the black-hole effect produces Yin-natured negative charged Yin-NCDCE which has an intrinsic, innate property of producing a 3D quasi-spherical expansion force and a 1D attractive gravity force while simultaneously promoting the quantum-condensation process of mass-increasing-trended elemental transmutation (e.g., the synthesis of heavy metal elements in star core).

The white-hole effect and black-hole effect are always hybridized into one holistic double-hole-structured dual-energy conversion system, and the dualistically-natured energies— Yang-PCPTE and Yin-NCDCE can only coexist and co-work in a physically coupling status and both can simultaneously mutually converting into each other within a dual-energy conversion system. Thus, attractive gravity force and repulsive antigravity force are always co-working simultaneously in an approximately balancing or non-balancing status depends on which kind of energy is in a dominant position status in a specific case.

In macro-astrophysical world, the typical morphological manifestation of a standard symmetric type of a double-hole-structured and double holes effects hybridized dual-energy conversion system (DHS-DHEshybrid-DECS) is the Fermi Bubbles structure of our Milky Way galaxy, whereas, in micro-quantum-physical world, the typical morphological manifestation of a DHS-DHEshybrid-DECS would be an electron cloud of a hydrogen atom.

It is not easy to identify the properties and physical relations between double holes’ effects and the dualistically classified energies and their corresponding forces in a stellar system, however, the Fermi Bubbles, which has been found to be rooted in the galactic center of our Milky Way galaxy, provides an excellent dynamic picture for us to intuitively observe the inseparably co-existing, co-working and physically coupling relationship between the X-ray characterized black-hole effect and the gamma-ray characterized white-hole effect, and to deeply understand how the mechanism of the hybridization of a black-hole effect and a white-hole effect can create a secondary mechanism of how the dualistically-natured energies—the gamma-ray characterized Yang-PCPTE and the x-ray characterized Yin-NCDCE can be simultaneously converted into each other within a holistic DHS-DHEshybrid-DECS, and the working principle of how  the 3D quasi-spherical expansion force produced by the gamma-ray characterized Yang-PCPTE and the 3D quasi-spherical expansion force produced by the x-ray characterized Yin-NCDCE can be mutually transform into each other within the Fermi Bubble-manifested double-hole-structured and double holes’ effects hybridized dual-energy conversion and stellar-merger promotion system.

In this physical scenario, the X-ray carrying Yin-NCDCE produced by black-hole mechanism is the galactic center-oriented inflowing condensing energy currents (or centripetal condensing inflowing energy currents) which manifests as four symmetric arc-shaped X-ray radiations occurring at the outer-lower edges of Fermi Bubbles. Conversely, the gamma-ray characterized Yang-PCPTE produced by white-hole mechanism is the galactic center-fugal outflowing expanding energy current (or centrifugal expanding energy flow) which manifests as two symmetric lobular gamma-ray bubbles.

In this dynamic Fermi bubble picture, it is clearly showed that the while-hole effect-represented photothermal-expanding energy produces a 3D quasi-spherical expansion force and 1D repulsive antigravity force while the black-hole effect-represented darkcold-condensation energy produces a 3D qausi-spherical contraction force and a 1D attractive gravity force.

From the perspective of quantum-physical world, generally speaking, the white-hole effect characterized photothermal-expanding energy will energize the process of quantum evaporation—which would manifest at atomic level as a mass-decaying trended elemental transmutation chain which occurs on planets. Conversely, the while-hole effect characterized darkcold-condensing energy will energize the process of quantum condensation—which would manifest at atomic level as a mass-gaining trended heavy metal elements synthesis which occurs in star cores.   

Since Yang-PCPTE and Yin-NCDCE can exist only in a co-existing, co-working and physically coupling status, therefore, 3D expansion- and contraction forces, and 1D repulsive antigravity and attractive gravity forces, are always co-acting simultaneously between any two or more bodies in an approximately balancing or apparently non-balancing status—with either Yang-PCPTE or Yin-NCDCE in a dominant status in different situations due to the existence of the universally valid fundamental mechanism of nonequivalent mass-energy exchange and asymmetrically mass-energy hybridization between electromagnetically interacting bodies. For example, in our solar system, the overall gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the sun and each planet is always dominated by Yin-NCDCE, therefore, the attractive gravity force between the sun and planets is always little stronger than the repulsive antigravity force. Thus, all planets evolving in the solar system is undergoing an irreversible process of the planetary orbital decay. But in the sun-earth-moon three-body system, the gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the earth and its moon is dominated by the solar-sourced Yan-PCPTE which is functioning as the combination effects of the solar photothermal repulsive isolation and the solar photothermal quantum evaporation—which promote the mass-decaying process of the heavy-to-light trended elemental transmutation of all the constituent elements of the earth and moon—which in turn causes the earth and its moon to decay in mass and also decay in their magnetic fields strength. Since the cause of a gravitational interaction between bodies is the mechanism of frequently intercutting and mutually entangling of the magnetic fields’ lines of any two or more spinning bodies—which produces an electromagnetic current braiding effect between any two bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic particle streams, the gravito-electromagnetic-pull between the earth and moon will become gradually weakening because both the earth and the moon are undergoing a process of magnetic field decay as their masses are also in decaying process, and hence, the lunar recession phenomenon.

d-2) The formation mechanism and the working principle of the Fermi Bubbles—A galactic-scaled double-hole-structured and double holes’ effects hybridized dual-energy conversion and stellar-merger promotion system/mechanism (DHS-DHEsHybri-DEC-SMPS/M)

Since the discovery of the Fermi Bubbles by Douglas Finkbeiner in 2009, various theoretical models have been proposed to explain the formation of the Bubbles. These models can be roughly classified into three categories：Hadronic Wind Models, Leptonic Jet Models，and In-situ Acceleration Models. Although, any one of the three kinds of models can match certain parts of the observational data, but none of them can match all the observational data simultaneously. ［1］This is because that all these models are built on the old paradigm of astrophysics, especially, the model construction is based on the classical black hole theory and the traditional star formation theory. This means that if the basic views of the classical black hole- and star formation theories are disproved as fundamentally incorrect, then the current models cannot reveal the basic formation mechanism and the working principle of Fermi bubble. Here, I propose an alternative model, called the 3D-Triaxial Intersectional Intercutting of Multi-Magnetic Fields lines (3D-TIIMMFLs), this model is based on an basic assumption that the most basic underlying physical mechanism that causes various physical phenomena, whether quantum-physical or astrophysical, is simply the micro-macro-unified mechanism of frequently intercutting and mutually entangling of the magnetic fields lines of different bipolar magnetic fields, which can be generally classified into two kinds according to their geometric nature and the number of rotating body-carrying magnetic fields: (1) the orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting model and non-orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting model according to the degrees of the intersectional angle between any two intersecting axes of the rotational magnetic fields; and (2) the 2D-biaxial intersectional intercutting  model (2D-BAIIM) that is suitable to describe the electromagnetic interaction in two-body system and the 3D-triaxial intersectional intercutting model (3D-TAIIM) that is suitable to describe the electromagnetic interaction in many-body system. For example, the 2D-biaxial intersectional intercutting model (2D-BAIIM) can be used to explain the mechanism of causing the gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the sun and planets and the quantum-scaled electromagnetic interaction between atomic or subatomic particles. Whereas, the 3D-triaxial intersectional intercutting model (3D-TAIIM) can be used to explain the formation mechanism and working principle of the Fermi Bubbles of our Milky Way galaxy and the relevant explanations will presented in following paragraph.

As above-described, the mechanism by which the Fermi Bubbles formed is the mechanism of 3D-Triaxial Intersectional Intercutting and Entangling of the Magnetic Fields Lines (3D-Triaxial-IIMFsLs) between the magnetic field lines of the longitudinal axis-represented rotational magnetic field of the entire Milky Way Galaxy (denoted axis-1), and the magnetic fields lines of the four horizontal axes-represented spiral arms carrying magnetic fields (denoted axis-2), and the magnetic field lines of the horizontal axis-represented bar-carrying magnetic field (denoted axis-3). The 3D-Triaxial-IIMFsLs mechanism can naturally create a symmetric bi-lobular dumbbell-shaped Fermi Bubbles, in which two symmetric out-streaming expanding gamma-ray bubbles are half-wrapped by two bowl-like X-ray shells. The galactic center-rooted Fermi Bubbles provides an excellent morphological structure of a black-hole effect and white-hole effect hybridized dual-energy conversion and stellar-merger promotion system (BHWHhybrid-DEC-SMPS) and its corresponding 3D expansion-contraction coupling and 1D gravity-antigravity coupling mechanism. In this new physical scenario, the gamma-ray characterized yang-natured and positive charged photothermal-expansion energy (Yang-PCPTE) produced by white-hole effect and the X-ray characterized yin-natured negative charged darkcold-condensation energy (Yin-NCDCE) produced by black-hole effect are coexisting and coworking in a synchronous manner while the two forms of energies (Yang-PCPTE and Yin-NCDCE) are constantly mutually converted into each other in a synchronous process by which both a 3D quasi-spherical expansion force which naturally contains a 1D-repulsive antigravity force, and a 3D quasi-spherical contraction force which naturally contains a 1D attractive gravity force are then produced simultaneously.

In this new physics-implied dynamic picture, the operation of a double holes’ effects hybridized dual-energy conversion mechanism would enable the gamma-ray bubble characterized photothermal-expanding energy to be converted into X-ray characterized darkcold-contracting energy, in this physical scenario, the energy density of the gamma-ray-characterized photothermal-expanding energy would attenuate to a sufficiently low level (a critically low value) at the edge of gamma-ray bubbles—which becomes undetectable in gamma-ray spectrum due to the quantum evaporation effect—the energy density of the out-streaming divergent photon beams along with the positron-dominated leptonic jet flows attenuate to a spectroscopically undetectable level at the upper-outer edge of gamma-ray bubbles. This means that the upper-outer edges of the gamma-ray bubbles are regions or turning points where the gamma-ray characterized photothermal-expanding energy become exhausted due to the quantum evaporation effect, while in the same time, the photothermal-expanding energy begin to be converted into X-ray characterized darkcold-contracting energy because, at the areas of the upper-outer edges of gamma-ray bubbles, the quantum condensation effect starts to take over the dominant role in condensing the divergent matter-energy currents into an ever denser phase and this quantum-condensation effect will become increasingly more apparent at the lower-outer edges of the gamma-ray bubbles as the X-ray characterized electron-dominated leptonic jets flows become ever denser. Meanwhile, the mechanism of phase spin angle-changing caused dual-charge (positive-negative) conversion come to work due to the quasi-spherical bending of the galactic magnetic field lines, which means that the direction of the line-directed particle-energy streams will be forced to flow to the direction of the galactic center, and the divergent out-streaming gamma-ray type photon beams will be transformed into convergent GC-oriented X-ray type photon beams while the positrons will be transformed into electrons, and the positron-dominated expanding divergent energy flows will be transformed into electron-dominated contracting convergent energy flows, the process of which is that the gamma-ray characterized phototehrmal-quantum-evaporation energy is being converted into an X-ray characterized darkcold-quantum-condensation energy. And simultaneously, the reversible process of photothermal-darkcold characterized dual-energy conversion will naturally create a reversible dual-force transformation process in which a 3D quasi-spherical expansion force along with its corresponding 1D repulsive antigravity force and a 3D quasi-spherical contraction force along with its corresponding 1D attractive gravity are mutually transforming into each other within a holistic dual-energy conversion system.

According the principle of dual-charge conversion, the change of the phase spinning angle of the spirally flowing particles is caused by the curvature of the bipolar quasi-spherical magnetic fields lines of any definable rotating body-carrying magnetic field, regardless of the mass-energy scales of the rotating body, and also regardless of the strength of the rotating body-carrying magnetic field. I then proposed that the sharp edges of the Fermi Bubbles can be explained by the quasi-spherical bending of the bipolar magnetic fields lines that drape the gamma-ray characterized photothermal-expanding energy flows while simultaneously causing the turn-around changes of the phase spinning angles of the positive charged particles. And the mechanism by which the two bowl-like X-ray shells occurring at the lower-outer edges of gamma-ray bubbles is contractive convergence of the magnetic fields lines that drape and squeeze the ever condensing X-ray-characterized GC-oriented energy flows. At the galactic center, the GC-oriented inspiraling X-ray-carrying electron-dominated leptonic jet and the GC-fugal out-streaming gamma-ray-carrying leptonic jet will collide with each other, forming the new generations of continuously out-streaming gamma-ray characterized photothermal-expanding energy flows. The two symmetric bowl-shaped half-open X-ray shells can be explained by the mechanism of spherically symmetric GC-oriented convergent contraction of the turn-around curving bilobular-bipolar magnetic fields lines.  

By following the above-described ideas, I conclude that, for a galactic-scaled double-hole-structured and the black-hole effect and white-hole effect hybridized dual-energy conversion system, the turning points at which the X-ray characterized darkcold-contracting energy flow is being converted into the gamma-ray characterized photothermal-expanding energy flow is located at the upper-out edges of the gamma-ray bubbles, whereas, the turning points at which the X-ray characterized darkcold-contracting energy flow is being converted into the gamma-ray characterized photothermal-expanding energy is located at the galactic center where the symmetrical GC-oriented inspiraling convergent X-rays and the symmetrical GC-fugal out-streaming divergent gamma-ray collide with each other at the galactic center region, together with the mechanism of intercutting and entangling of the bilobular-bipolar featured complex magnetic fields lines, it creates a cyclically reversible processes of the galactic-scaled double-hole-structure and double holes effects hybridized dual-energy production and dual-energy conversion system.

 In general, if we can discover the basic mechanism and working principle of the galactic-scaled Fermi Bubble-manifested double holes effects hybridized dual-energy conversion system, then, it will laid a solid foundation for us to understand the how a double-hole-structured and double holes’ effects hybridized dual-energy conversion system works at stellar-scaled celestial system.

 

The newly proposed alternative explanation of the basic properties and features of the Fermi Bubbles

Since the gamma-ray bubbles have many unique characteristics, including smooth surface, sharp edges, and almost flat intensity distribution [2],  my newly proposed formation mechanism of the Fermi Bubbles and my hypothesized working principle of the cyclically reversible dual-energy conversion between the divergent out-streaming gamma-ray characterized photothermal-expanding energy and the convergent in-streaming (GC-oriented) X-ray characterized darkcold-contracting energy provide a set of more consistent and better intelligible explanations for the bubble’s basic features. In my model, the smooth surface of the bubbles can be explained by the magnetic wrapping effect, in this physical scenario, due to the longitudinal axial rotational motion, the double bipolar magnetic fields lines can form a double-layer magnetic field-confined quasi-spherical webs that is interweaved by the galactic magnetic field lines. The invisible magnetic field web is functioning as a 2-dimensional domain walls, preventing the out-streaming gamma-rays from penetrating the magnetic field lines-interweaved double-layer webs, which creates the smooth surface of the Fermi Bubbles. The sharp edge of the bubble can be explained by the mechanism of quasi-spherical curvature of the bilobular-bipolar featured galactic magnetic field lines. The flat intensity distribution and the spatially uniform spectrum of the bubbles can both be explained by the mechanism of even quantum evaporation of phothermal energy and evenly random collisions between the bilobular-bipolar magnetic field-confined oppositely charged particles, for example, such magnetic field-confined collisions can occur between the cosmic ray-carrying electrons and the cosmic ray-carrying positrons, and/or the cosmic ray-carrying protons and its corresponding antiprotons. The bilobular-bipolar magnetic field-confined evenly random collisions between certain kinds of particles and their corresponding antiparticles will naturally produce a spatially uniform spectrum of the bubbles.

The Master-key theory of unified field cannot be adequately expressed by the current mathematical languages because the current mathematical language can often distort our world outlook or our cosmological perspectives in many ways.

If the basic ideas of the Master-key Theory are proved correct experimentally, then many of the basic ideas of the modern physical theories will be overturned. As mentioned earlier, if the Big Bang theory (BBT) is falsified, then all other physical theories based on the core ideas of the BBT, such as the BBT-based origin of elements, the BBT-based origin and evolution stellar and galactic systems, and the BBT-based origin and differentiation of the unified field force, will all be falsified. Since my arguments for overturning the Big Bang theory and my new theory concerning the origin and transmutation of elements have already been discussed earlier, here, I will only propose my arguments for overturning the Einstein’s general relativity, and my arguments for theoretically overturning the law of conservation of mass-energy by revealing the deep-hidden propositional and logical flaws that are deeply hidden in the statement of Noether’s theorem, and my arguments for why the laws of product-CP symmetry, T symmetry, and even the law of product-CPT symmetry, cannot be correct.

Why the Einstein’s interpretation of the cause and nature of gravity cannot be correct?

Einstein’s view regarding the cause and nature of gravity simply denies the existence of a direct gravitational interaction between the sun and planets, which claims that gravity is not a force that propagates across space but results from masses distorting the ‘fabric of space-time’ in their vicinity—A sort of geometric effects of space-time curvature caused by masses—which is typically an erroneous concepts-hybridization between abstract mathematical concepts and concrete physical entities. Since the orbital path of every planet is an approximate 

geometric circle, therefore, using geometric language to formulate a kinematic description of the planetary motion can naturally get a higher accuracy in calculating precession value, but this does not mean that such a geometric description of the Mercury’s precession by using GR field equation can logically yield a corresponding physical implication that leads to the discovery of the correct physical mechanism which causes gravity. This is because that there is an insurmountable gap between the highly idealized mathematical formal logic system filled with subjective ideas and the naturally occurring and operating physical logic system. In fact, Einstein's general relativity only provides an incorrect way of scientific thinking mode in terms of the erroneous cross-mathematical-physical concepts hybridization (between highly-idealized mathematical abstractions and naturally occurring and operating physical entities) —which increasingly mislead mainstream scientists to abandon physical reality and blindly go into the ivory tower of mathematical symbols—which does not provide any valuable insight into the discovering the correct physical mechanism and essence of gravity.

Since the General Relativity clearly denies the existence of a direct gravitational interaction between the sun and planets, therefore, the effort to falsify the general relativity can be pretty easy as long as one can find a solid evidence to prove a fact that there is a direct gravitationally-manifested electromagnetic interaction between the sun and planets, as long as the mechanism of creating the inter-solar-planetary electromagnetic force is confirmed as the newly proposed SSPR-dynamo mechanism, the general relativity will be physically falsified. Moreover, if any experimental evidence that proves my novel idea that the essential nature of the easy observable electromagnetic interaction between the sun and planets is the hidden process of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the sun and planets, the general relativity will be completely overturned from the viewpoints of both physics and natural philosophy.

The current progress of fundamental physics is that, apart from the theories concerning gravity, all other theories describing the other three basic interactions (electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear) working in microcosmic world are essentially kinematic descriptions, none of which could yield such three physical implications: 1), the so-called four fundamental interactions can be understood as the different manifestations of electromagnetic interactions working between bodies of carrying different mass-energy scales at different spatiotemporal levels. 2), the electromagnetic force is not mediated by photons but mediated by a large number of bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic wave energy-carrying hidden streams that are always in a frequently intercutting and mutually entangling dynamical status on every step of their oppositely streaming forward to different mass-centers of the electromagnetically bonding bodies, the photons that are observed in the process of electromagnetic interaction are actually created by the process of intercutting and entangling of magnetic fields lines of different rotating body-carrying magnetic fields, the process of which actually creates the particle colliding between oppositely moving electrons streams or between electrons and positrons. In other words, the photons are either the results of intercutting of magnetic fields lines or of the collisions between oppositely moving electrons or electron/positron pairs. Photons that are produced by the process of intercutting of magnetic fields lines are therefore misunderstood as the participators that participate in the electromagnetic interaction. In fact, the photons are not mediators thought to be previously existed before the process of   bodies get into their electromagnetic interaction but the products produced in the process of the intercutting of magnetic fields lines as well as the synchronized process of electron-positron mutual conversion and collision. 3), the electromagnetic interaction as an easy observing apparent physical effect is not the essential nature of physical phenomenon, rather, the essential nature of electromagnetic interaction is the hidden-process of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between any two electromagnetically-interacting objects.

In addition to refuting Einstein's geometric interpretation of gravity as the result of mass-caused space-time curvature, I also believe that the black hole that is predicted by General Relativity also does not exist at all. According the Master-key theory, the so-called supermassive black holes that supposedly exist in the center of every spiral galaxy should be redefined as the new concept of what I called "the Double-hole Structured and the Double-hole Effects Hybridized Dual-energy Generation-and-Conversion System" (related descriptions was presented earlier). In this physical scenario, the out-streaming gamma-ray characterized photothermal-expanding energy flows and the inward-streaming X-ray characterized darkcold-contracting energy flows would be simultaneously produced and mutually converted into each other within a “double-hole structured and double-hole effects-hybridized dual-energy conversion system”. Now, people may ask, if the black hole does not exist, what’s that mean by the sensational fuzzy picture of the center of galaxy M87 released in April 2019 by EHTC? My answer is, the EHTC’ 2019 claim of having found a “direct evidence” to prove the existence of the GR-predicted black hole using the two-year-old image of the center of galaxy M87—a highly magnetized plasma ring— will be bound to be described by future historians as one of the greatest farces that has ever made by the mainstream astrophysicists in the history of modern physics. Astrophysicists using their data-manipulation tricks to create a "highly magnetized galactic-scaled plasma ring" by eliminating gamma-ray and X-ray data and only keeping the microwave data in order to get the image of plasma ring, then they got their desired “observational evidence” for verifying the existence of black hole, and then, to enhance the convincing power, they have to utilize Einstein's influence (because any info connecting to Einstein’s name would be convincing) and the mainstream media-created sensational news effect. By doing so, EHTC successfully released their so-called scientific news. But my comment to the 2019 black hole news is the same as what Stephen Crothers commented: "This is how astronomers and cosmologists do science: fraud, by means of mass-media induced mass-hysteria".

It must be specially noted that Einstein's principle of mass-energy equivalence is no doubt a great and correct physical principle, but he did not provide any explanation for the physical mechanism of how matter and energy are mutually converted into each other.

Based the above-discussed, I personally think that the Einstein’s biggest contribution to science may not be the core ideas expressed in his special and general theories of relativity, rather, his biggest contribution to physics should be his great belief that the operation of the universe should obey the principle of simplicity, and his pioneering work to try and unify the four fundamental interactions into a single interaction, even though he failed. I personally believe that there might be two basic reasons causing his failure in developing the unified field theory: his method of searching for the UFT—the pure mathematic approach of what I called the GR-way of the erroneous cross-mathematical-physical concepts hybridization, and his incorrect worldview or incorrect cosmological perspective that he expressed in his fanatical belief in BBT—which means that his methodological strategy and his basic worldview in believing BBT were wrong from the very beginning. In fact, the Einstein’s geometrical approach to the description of gravity using the trick of erroneous cross-mathematical-physical concepts hybridization have significantly inspired the String- or M-theorists to do the same thing as Einstein did a century ago—using the cross-mathematical-physical concepts hybridization method to propound their absurd and unfalsifiable theories based on their crazy, unverifiable, and meaningless assumptions. The Superstring- or M-theory does not propose any realistic, sense-making, and verifiable physical mechanisms and principles, rather, they only show you how crazy their mathematical imagination could be.   

What is the underlined physical mechanism that leads to the violation of CP symmetry and the violation T reversal symmetry?

Various high-precision experiments strongly suggest that idealized perfect CP symmetry and perfect T symmetry do not exist. It seems that all forms of physical symmetry that the universe presents to us are only approximate CP symmetry and approximate T symmetry. So far, scientists do not know what is exactly the fundamental physical mechanism acting behind the phenomena of CP symmetry-breaking and T symmetry-breaking. Here I propose that the basic cause leads to the symmetry-breaking is the macro-micro-unified mechanism of nonequivalent mass-energy exchange (between any two or more electromagnetically interacting objects of all mass-energy scales at all space-time levels), which creates our quasi-perfect universe with a basic mirror property of approximate CP symmetry and approximate T symmetry. In other words, all forms of CP symmetry and T symmetry are essentially observational and they can exist only in our imagination or on blackboard, not in the real physical world. It turns out that the best scientific language for describing the relationship between CP symmetry and CP asymmetry, and the relationship between T symmetry and T asymmetry are the Taoism-based philosophic language: CP symmetry and T symmetry are observational, approximate and relatively correct while CP asymmetry and T asymmetry are non-observational, exact and absolutely correct. Since the laws of conservation of mass, energy, and mass-energy hold on the basis of the concept continuous symmetry, therefore, all the laws of conservation of any physical property are also observational, approximate and they are relatively correct. In contrast, the law of CP asymmetry and the law of T asymmetry and the law of non-conservation of mass-energy are not observation-dependent, they are absolutely correct.

For most theoretical physicists, the unification means symmetry, this idea is based on an absurd idea that the four fundamental forces were originally unified into a superforce that supposedly existed only at “the age of perfect symmetry” for about ten million-trillion-trillion-trillionths of a second (10      -43s), during which time the meta-cosmic space expanded at a speed of trillion trillion trillion trillion times faster than light, in which process of thermal inflation, the universe cooled rapidly and spontaneous symmetry-breaking occurred. This led to the differentiation of the meta-superforce into four fundamental distinct forces—which means that we cannot test such a crazy idea unless we can build up an accelerator operating at the same energy level as the Big Bang—such an energy level would be high enough to evaporate the entire Milky Way Galaxy into an expanding plasma ball! This means that all versions of unified field theory or model based on the basic assumptions of the Big Bang Theory are unverifiable. In contrast, the construction of the Master-key Theory does not require any assumptions based on BBT, I even believe that there is no causal relationship between mathematical symmetry and physical unification. In other words, the method of discovering a simple, omnipotent unified field theory with a super explanatory and predictive power lies in unraveling a set of most fundamental, macro-micro-unified laws, principles, and mechanisms. Because the best explanation of  all physical phenomena is to unravel the most fundamental trend-governing laws, and the most fundamental cause-revealing physical mechanisms, rather than accurate calculation of the parameters generated by the corresponding physical processes. So, theorists who seek to establish a theory of super-symmetry cannot find the unified field theory, simply because that all kinds of equation-implied "exact continuous physical symmetries" are essentially the highly-idealized mathematical symmetries that exist only in human imagination or on blackboard, rather than the real physical symmetries produced by spontaneous physical processes. There is no such naturally occurring physical system in the universe that can produce a perfect CP symmetry or T symmetry in its spontaneous evolution process. On the contrary, every naturally-occurring physical system can only generate approximate and observational CP symmetry and T symmetry which is equivalent to the concept of absolute CP asymmetry and T asymmetry, in their spontaneously evolving process. This is the root cause of why the current mathematical language, in particular, the equal sign which implies a perfect symmetry, can seriously distort our basic worldview and our way of physical thinking. And this is how and why Noether’s theorem, which is widely regarded as the central result of modern theoretical physics, has such a powerful, long term misleading effect that the theorem is still continuously misleading our mainstream theoretical physicists and making them unable to make distinction between the abstract concepts working in the highly-idealized mathematic formal logic-chain system and the reality-expressed physical concepts working in the naturally-existed physical logic-chain system.

Since many scientists still fanatically believe in the “absolute correctness” of the law of conservation of mass and energy and they always like to use Noether's theorem as their last defensive argument for defending the correctness of the conservation law. For this reason, I will present in the next paragraph my refutation of Noether's theorem by unraveling the propositional and logical flaws that are deeply hidden in its original form.

Overturning Noether’s theorem by unraveling the deep-hidden flaws embedded in the statements of its original form

There have been increasing high-accuracy experimental results measured at subatomic level as the basic facts show that the laws of conservation of mass, energy and even the law of conservation of mass-energy do not truly hold. Correspondingly, the CP symmetry and T symmetry have been found to be violated in many cases. Here, I proposed two causes, called two innate, inherent cosmic determining physical factors, to explain the violations of the conservations laws and the violations of CP symmetry and T symmetry: (1), the first cosmic determining physical factors that forbid the existence of the laws of absolute conservation of certain physical quantities (mass, energy, and even mass-energy) in any definable local space is the non-existence of any absolutely closed physical system in the universe—which is the basic premises for the existence of the laws of absolutely conservation of any physical quantity, all physical systems, regardless of their mass-energy scales and space-time levels, always have certain degree of openness. Philosophically, openness is an innate, intrinsic nature of all physical systems while the closeness of a system is relative, observational, and temporal. (2), the second cosmic determining factor is the existence of a micro-macro-unified physical mechanism of nonequivalent mass-energy exchange which operates between systems of all mass-energy scales at all space-time levels, and also operates between systems of all mass-energy scales and their surroundings. The two basic cosmic determining physical factors are combine to forbid the existence of the law of absolute conservation of any physical quantity and they also forbid the existence of perfect CP symmetry and T symmetry. However, even if there is an ample high-precision experimental evidence to prove that the law of (absolute) conservation of energy and the law of (absolute) conservation of mass-energy do not truly hold, but most scientists still believe in the absolute correctness of the law of conservation of energy and of the law of conservation of mass-energy simply because of their fanatical belief in the absolute correctness of the Noether’s Theorem. In the eyes of most theoretical physicists, various conservation laws are considered as the results of rigorous mathematical derivation from Noether’s Theorem, so they always like to use Noether’s theorem as their final defensive argument to defend the absolute correctness of the law of conservation of mass-energy. In other words, the absolute correctness of Noether’s theorem determines the absolute correctness of conservation laws. For this reason, modern theoretical physics has entered such a dilemma that, on the one hand, some high-precision experimental results have factually disproved the validity of CP symmetry and of T symmetry while other experiments have falsified the absolute correctness of various conservation laws, on the other hand, Noether’s theorem implies the absolute correctness of the conservation law. Should we believe in the experimental results or the Noether’s theorem? Obviously, both cannot be correct at the same time, so we can only choose to believe in one of them.

For this experiment-theorem dilemma, my Taoism-based philosophical common sense tells me that it better to choose to believe in experimental results than theorem. Philosophically, there is no such thing as absolutely perfect physical symmetry and, there is also no such thing as absolute conservation of any fundamental physical quantities (such as the absolute conservation of mass, energy and mass-energy) in the universe, because there is no absolutely closed physical system in the universe. From a physical point of view, the micro-macro-unified mechanism of nonequivalent mass-energy exchange operates everywhere in both the macro-astrophysical world and the micro-quantum-physical world, which allows both mass-energy and electromagnetic wave-carrying information to be freely transferred in both local and distant spaces, which makes our universe always in a dynamically moving-and-changing status. So, rather than questioning the experimental results, it's better to re-examine the correctness of Noether's theorem and discover its possible flaws.

After carefully analyzing the original form of Noether's theorem word for word, I identified at least two deeply hidden flaws embedded in the first sentence of the original statements of Noether theorem which I explained as follows：

To every differentiable symmetry generated by local actions of a physical system, there corresponds a conserved current.

Here, in the first sentence— “To every differentiable symmetry produced by local actions of a physical system”—contains two “false propositions”: (1), Here, the concept of "every differentiable symmetry", according to Noether’s original meaning, refers to the concept “every equation-expressed differentiable physical symmetry”, however, many scientists, including Emmy Noether herself, did not realize that there is an insurmountable gap between human-developed, highly idealized formal logic systems and naturally-occurring physical logic systems. The operational process of formal logical systems is governed by man-made mathematical rules while the naturally-evolving process of naturally-occurring physical logical systems is governed by the naturally-existed physical laws. For this reason, one must be conceptually clear that all forms of “equation-expressed differentiable physical symmetry” are essentially the idealized perfect mathematical symmetry that can only be treated as an approximate description of a non-perfect physical symmetry or observational symmetry (which is essentially in strict sense an asymmetry), so, any forms of equation-expressed perfect differentiable symmetry  should not be treated as the same thing as the “realistic, naturally-generated approximate or non-perfect physical symmetry” simply because that there is no such local actions of a naturally-occurred and naturally-evolving physical system that can generate a perfect, exact physical symmetry. All local actions of a naturally-occurring and naturally-evolving physical produce only an approximate physical symmetry, which is repeatedly confirmed by a variety of high-accuracy experiments as basic facts. The trick of erroneously equalizing the concept of equation-expressed perfect mathematical symmetry with the naturally generated approximate physical symmetry is called the cross-mathematical-physical concepts confusion or the Noether’s way of concepts equalization fallacy. This is the root cause of many of the inconsistencies between theoretical value and experimental data, which manifests in some contexts as the cases of the violations of the conservation laws or the cases of the violations of CP symmetry and T symmetry. This means that Noether’s theorem had in fact been experimentally falsified for decades, but most theoretical physicists are unwilling to accept this fact because they would rather give up physical reality than squeeze into the elegant ivory tower of mathematical symbols.

 

Since the mathematical language is useful for offering an approximate description of the different kinds of kinematic physical processes, therefore, theoretical physicists are accustomed to treating the idealized, equation-expressed perfect mathematical symmetry and the naturally-occurring approximate physical symmetry as the same thing, without realizing that the man-created formal logical system and the naturally-existed physical logical system are essentially different in nature—a perfect differentiable mathematical symmetry can only be produced by human imagination (or by man-made mathematical rules) while the naturally-occurring approximate physical symmetry is generated only by the actions of a naturally-evolving physical system. Therefore, all forms of “equation-expressed differentiable physical symmetry” essentially the mathematical symmetries, rather than physical symmetries.

Logically, since all forms of the equation-expressed perfect differentiable mathematical symmetry cannot be generated by any local actions of a naturally-evolving physical system, the statement of the first sentence of Noether’ theorem—“To every differentiable symmetry generated by the local actions of a physical system” contains two hidden false propositions which lead to the two false premises embedded in the first statement. If the first sentence contains two false propositions, or false premises, then the second sentence –“….., there corresponds a conserved current”—which is considered to be the conclusion of the premises stated in the first sentence—will inevitably arrive at an incorrect conclusion. Therefore, Noether’s theorem does not hold because its statement not only commits formal fallacies in theory, but is also falsified in experiments—an absolutely conserved physical quantity—which is the logical result of the Noether's theorem—is absolutely impossible to be generated by the local actions of any naturally evolving physical system.

The Suggested Modification of Noether’s Theorem

From a historical perspective, Noether's theorem, which was recognized as the central result of modern theoretical physics, undoubtedly played a crucial role in promoting the progress of theoretical physics. However, the misleading effect of Noether’s theorem becomes increasingly obvious in distorting our worldview because this theorem has seriously blurred the essential differences between human-created mathematical formal logic systems and the naturally-occurring and naturally-operating physical logic systems. When the development of physics entered the era of high-precision experiments, the limitations of the Noether’s theorem and its corresponding conservation laws became prominent. Therefore, I personally think it is necessary to make some modifications to Noether’s theorem in order to make its conclusion and its corresponding conservation laws fit exactly the experimental results because all high-accuracy experimental results are essentially the objective results of the operational process of the naturally-operating physical logic systems. But, I want to make it very clear that my arguments regarding the refutation of Noether’s theorem does not mean that I want to completely deny the scientific value of the Noether’s theorem, rather, I really hope to maximize the scientific value of Noether’s theorem by modifying its original version as follows:

“To every equation-expressed differentiable mathematical symmetry, which is essentially an approximate description of an actually measured approximate or non-perfect physical symmetry, generated by the local actions of a naturally-occurring and naturally-evolving physical system, there is a corresponding law of approximate conservation of certain physical quantities.”

With this modification, I believe that both the improved statements of Noether’s theorem and its implied corresponding laws of describing the approximate conservation of certain physical quantities will achieve universal validity.

The deep-hidden logical flaws of Noether’s Theorem and the 

necessity to overturn or modify the Theorem

For most ToE theorists, unification means perfect symmetry or super-symmetry, because all current popular versions of ToE are based on the Big Bang Theory (BBT), which means that, once the BBT is falsified, all theories or models based on BBT, including String-theory and M-theory, will naturally collapse. On the contrary, the Master-key Theory (MKT) does not need either the Big Bang theory or the equation-expressed perfect symmetry (or super-symmetry). Instead, it only requires certain forms of approximate or non-perfect physical symmetries and the modified laws of describing the approximate conservation of the certain basic physical quantities simply because that MKT contains a macro-micro-unified mechanism of nonequivalent mass-energy exchange (between systems of all mass-energy scales). So, the necessity of overturning the old Noether’s theorem is that the Master-key theory requires an approximate symmetry or non-perfect symmetry or a modified version of Noether’s theorem to express the correct worldview, while the original version of the Noether’s theorem expresses the wrong worldview. In this sense, the falsification of Noether’s theorem is an absolutely good thing because all kinds of conservation laws that are formulated on the basis of Noether’s theorem have been repeatedly falsified by high-accuracy experiments. Therefore, the correctness or validity of all classical conservation laws is only relative, whereas, the laws of non-conservation of mass, energy, and even the law of approximate conservation of mass-energy, are absolutely correct. Since the old Noether’s theorem and its associated laws of absolute conservation of certain basic physical quantities have seriously distorted our worldview for decades, therefore, it has significantly hindered the progress of physics. When theorists associate the work of constructing an equation that expresses perfect mathematical symmetry with the efforts to explore the ToE, it actually delays the discovery of ToE because of their wrong worldview and wrong method. So, one of the important meanings of overturning the original version of Noether’s theorem and making a new modified one is to establish such a correct worldviews that our physical world is not perfectly mirror symmetrical, instead, an observational, approximate symmetry, or quasi-symmetry or non-perfect symmetry is the innate, intrinsic property of the universe. The most physical mechanism of causing CP approximate-symmetry and T approximate-symmetry, and the laws of approximate conservation of the basic physical quantities, is the macro-micro-unified mechanism of nonequivalent mass-energy exchange, which is also essential to the origin and evolution of all kinds of celestial systems.

The Summary of the Basic Ideas of the Master-key Theory

The Basic Worldview and Its Associated Philosophical Principles

The most basic worldview expressed by the Master-key theory is that the universe is infinitely big in space (at least relative to human's observational ability) and eternal in time (at least relative to the existing time human), so any debate about the size and variation of the space-time scale of the universe, and any debate about when the universe began and when it ends, is meaningless. It is only meaningful to speak of the lifetimes, physical mechanisms and laws regarding the cyclically origin, evolution and life-ending of the component bodies of the universe, such as the origin, evolution and life-ending of certain celestial bodies and the atomic and subatomic particles. The Master-key Theory holds that the Big Bang theory is the most absurd theory in the history of human science, which expresses a series of erroneous worldviews. The so-called four pieces of pillar evidence supposedly supporting BBT are merely the highly theory-laden, farfetched explanations of astrophysical phenomena that can be better explained by the Master-key theory with a much higher consistency and falsifiability (please see the relative content in section 1 and 2). After all, once the Big Bang theory is falsified, all the BBT-based physical theories, including the origin of elements, the string theory and M-theory, will also be falsified. In other words, all physical theories that express a series of wrong worldviews will sooner or later be experimentally disproved.

The Basic Philosophical Principles Summarized from the Physical laws, Principles and Mechanisms of MKT

Principle-1: No celestial Body or the so-called elementary particle can survive forever, rather, all component bodies, including electrons, neutrinos and protons, have a finite lifetime. Taking the constituent atoms of the Earth as an example, as explained in chapter 2, 3 and 4, all the heavy metal atoms occurring on earth will ultimately transmute into hydrogen atoms that will move up into the hydrogen zone in earth’s upper atmosphere where the neutral hydrogen atoms will be dissociated into protons and electrons that will move up into the lower region of Van Allen Radiation Belt, I termed them as terrestrial protons and terrestrial electrons respectively, and all the terrestrial protons and solar protons will randomly collide with each other and decay into electron-positron pairs via pion-muon-electron/positron-photon transmutation chain by the hypothetical mechanism of so-called the geomagnetic field-confined and the double magnetic fields (sun and earth) co-energized and the double-sourced proton-antiproton conversion-and-collision. And all the leptons created in the Van Allen Radiation Belt will be further be transformed into an earth-ejected sunward-streaming pure electromagnetic wave-carrying energy jet being injected into the sun’s core to be converted into the raw material used by the sun to synthesize various heavy and super-heavy metal elements that make up the high-density metallic karyospheres—the sun-core-gestated planetary embryos of the next-generation planets. So, even we have not yet observed the phenomena of proton decay and lepton-wave energy jet transformation, but philosophically, all particles can be converted into a pure electromagnetic wave-carrying energy jet, which in turn the earth-ejected sunward-streaming electromagnetic wave-carrying energy jet can be reused by the sun as the primary raw materials to directly synthesize all kinds of leptonic and baryonic particles in the sun’s core via the sun-planet co-created and co-participated physical mechanism that I explained earlier in chapter 2, 3 and 4. This worldview tells us that all component bodies of the universe should have a finite lifetime but the universe as whole is eternal in time and infinite in space.

Principle-2: The motion of a body at any space-time scale and the change of a body in any mass-energy scale are absolutely true while the rest and non-change of a body is observational and is therefore relatively correct. For example, it is very difficult to observe how an electron or a neutrino to transmute into other forms of mass-energy flows or how much the amount of mass-energy can be transformed into an electron or a neutrino, but there is surely an existence of such a yet-known quantum-physical mechanism working in such a reversible process.

 

Principle-3: All forms of perfect (or exact) physical symmetry, including CP and T symmetries, do not exist in the macroscopic astrophysical world, nor in the microscopic quantum physical world, simply because there is a macro-micro-unified physical mechanism in the universe. Thus, all forms of physical symmetry are observational, approximate symmetry, and the equation-expressed perfect differentiable mathematical symmetry can only be conceptually understood as an idealized description of approximate physical symmetry. Accordingly, due to the existence of the following inherent physical determinants of the universe: (1) There is no absolutely closed physical system in the universe; (2) There exists an absolutely direct connection between bodies of all mass-energy and space-time scales in the universe; (3) There exists a most fundamental and macroscopic-microscopic-unified physical mechanism of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange in the universe; Therefore, the laws of asserting the absolute conservation of any physical quantity of any physical system operating at any space-time scale cannot be correct, which means that the law of absolute conservation of mass-energy is relatively correct, while the law of non-conservation of mass-energy is absolutely correct.

The Basic Physical Assumptions and the Associated Fundamental Physical Laws, Principles and Mechanisms Derived from the Assumptions

The Two Basic Physical Assumptions

Assumption-1: The first assumption is the hypothesis about the most basic raw material, also called the cosmic meta-material （CMM）that makes up space, and all kinds of matter and all forms of energy. The Master-key theory holds that, the most basic material that makes up cosmic space, and all kinds of matter, and all forms of energy, is not the so-called elementary particles we know of, not the one-dimensional strings, and not even the two-dimensional membranes that are described by string theory or M-theory, but the magnetic fluid that is always in an eddy current state which has infinite difference in mass-energy density. Because the magnetic fluid is always in the dynamic state of multi-dimensional bidirectional-flowing status to all directions characterize by vortex style, therefore, it makes the entire universe a liquid-like world in which the macroscopic physical process of the flows of celestial bodies (like the giant flows of stars and galaxies) and the microscopic process of the flows of electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying particle streams are governed by the laws of hydrodynamics.

Assumption-2: The second assumption is about the hypothesis of electromagnetic universe, which holds that all forms of physical interaction, including the so-called four fundamental interactions, are essentially the different manifestations of the macro-micro-unified electromagnetic interaction operating at different mass-energy scales and at different space-time levels. This is because that all forms of electromagnetic interaction is created by the same macro-micro-unified physical mechanism, called the cosmic mechanism of intercutting-and-entangling between magnetic fields lines of any two or more rotating-body-carrying magnetic fields.

The Macro-Micro-Unified Fundamental Physical Laws, Principles and Mechanisms Derived from the above Two Basic Assumptions

The Macro-Micro-Unified Physical Mechanism Responsible for Generating Electromagnetic Interactions between Objects of All Mass-Energy Scales

All forms of electromagnetic interactions between two or more bodies of all mass-energy scales at all space-time levels are created by a macro-micro-unified common physical mechanism, called the mechanism of frequently intercutting and mutually entangling between magnetic fields lines of any two or more rotating body-carrying magnetic fields of all magnitudes of strength. In this physical scenario, when two magnetic field-carrying rotating objects approach each other, their magnetic field lines will be in a state of frequently intercutting-and-entangling actions which will inevitably generate a large number of bidirectional-flowing electro-magnetized particle streams that are always in a frequently intercutting and mutually entangling status on every step of their oppositely moving toward the mass points of the electromagnetically interacting bodies. The mechanism by which a large number of bidirectional-flowing particle streams that are always in an intercutting-and-entangling status on every step of their oppositely streaming toward different mass points of bodies is therefore called the collective bidirectional-streaming-braiding effect (CBSB). Correspondingly, a large number of such bidirectional-flowing particle streams that move in such a dynamic CBSB status is called the electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying currents.

The interpretation of the essence of electromagnetic wave: The physical action of the frequently collectively frequent intercutting actions between large numbers of bidirectional-flowing wave-energy-carrying particle streams will generates electromagnetic waves. In this physical scenario, the frequency of the intercutting actions between large numbers of bidirectional-flowing particle streams is the frequency of electromagnetic wave that can be recorded by various electromagnetic instruments as the wavelength of two-dimensional electromagnetic waves. In other words, the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave is produced by the actions of frequently intercutting and mutually entangling between large numbers of oppositely-streaming electromagnetic particle streams which manifests as different forms of two-dimensional wave diagrams when the actions of the intercutting-and-entangling between bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic particle streams are recorded by electromagnetic instruments. In fact, in a three-dimensional space, all forms of electromagnetic interactions are mediated by a large number of bidirectional-flowing and collectively braiding particle streams that are three-dimensional eddy currents, rather than two-dimensional wave-like ribbon-tape.

The mathematical description of the physical relationship among four basic physical parameters

The implication of this unified physical mechanism determines the positive relationship of the three basic physical quantities and therefore determines the magnitude of the strength of the electromagnetic bonding force acting between two or more bodies, which holds that the higher rotational velocity, and the higher mass-density of a rotating body, the higher magnitude of the strength of its magnetic field. Consequently, if the distance between any two electromagnetically-bonding bodies is constant, then the higher averaged mass-density, and the higher averaged rotational velocity, and the higher averaged strength of the magnetic fields of the two electromagnetically bonding bodies two bodies would inevitably generate a higher frequency of the intercutting actions between the magnetic fields’ lines of two interacting bodies, which in turn leads to the stronger CBSB effect. Thus, a stronger CBSB effect produces a stronger electromagnetic bonding force or electromagnetic interaction. This is the basic mechanism from which the law of electromagnetic bonding force is derived.

The Macro-Micro-Unified Law of Electromagnetic Bonding Force

Based the physical implication of the above-suggested macro-micro-unified physical mechanism of creating the electromagnetic interaction, I derived the law of electromagnetic bonding force, which states that：

For any two-body system, the magnitude of the strength of electromagnetic bonding force between any two adjacent bonding bodies is approximately proportional to the sum of the product of their masses multiplied by their averaged magnetic field strength and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

The equation of which provides an approximate mathematical description of the electromagnetic interaction force using five-parameter formulation method. Because this much-improved law of electromagnetic bonding force is derived from the basis of much-improved understanding of the fundamental mechanism of causing the electromagnetic interaction, therefore, comparing with Newton’s law of gravitational force and Coulomb’s law, this new mathematical description of the law of electromagnetic interaction is inferred from the basis of better understanding of how gravitational and electromagnetic interactions can be produced by the same physical mechanism and why the electromagnetic interaction between two celestial bodies and the electromagnetic interaction between two charged particles share a common essential nature described by the macro-micro-unified principle of tunnel-bond duality or channel-bond duality. So, the new law of electromagnetic interaction provides a much-improved description of the electromagnetic bonding force with a much higher self-consistency and falsifiability. Therefore, the Master-key theory has a higher explanatory and predictive power.

The Principle of Orthogonal Axial Intersectional Intercutting of the Magnetic Fields’ Lines of Two Electromagnetically Bonding Objects

The principle of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting of the magnetic fields’ lines of two rotating bodies is a macro-micro-unified physical principle proposed to explain how the stability of electromagnetic bonding force (or electromagnetic interaction) between two adjacent objects in any two-body or many-body system is maximized. So the principle is also called the principle of maintaining maximum stability of electromagnetic bond force (or electromagnetic interaction), it has two forms of statements—the simple non-explanatory statement and the complex-explanatory statement.

The simple non-explanatory statement is that:

In any two-body or many-body system, if the distance between the mass-points of two adjacent rotating objects remains constant, then the smaller the absolute value of the intersection angle of the spin axes of two objects minus 90 degrees (close to a right angle), the stronger the electromagnetic bonding force between them and vice versa. When the rotation axes of two objects are geometrically parallel, the electromagnetic attraction force between them is minimized while the repulsive force dominates the electromagnetic interaction between them. This is the basic mechanism of how the magneto-slingshot effect is produced by a high-mass rotating object at its’ equatorial region on a low-mass rotating object.

The complex explanatory statement is that:

 

In any two-body or many-body system, in order to maximize the strength and stability of the electromagnetic bond force or the electromagnetic interaction between any two adjacent rotating bodies, the rotational axes of the two electromagnetically interacting bodies must remain perpendicular to each other in order to maximize the intensity of the actions of the intercutting between the magnetic fields’ lines of the two bonding bodies and minimize the difference in flux-density between the bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying particle streams that move oppositely towards two mass points of the bodies, and optimize the result of collective bidirectional-streaming-braiding effect (CBSB) produced within the bond, and ultimately achieve the long-term stability of the electromagnetic interaction.

This principle successfully explains the mechanism of why in all kinds of two-body systems, especially in binary-star systems and binary-galaxy systems, the rotational axes of the two component stars or galaxies always remain perpendicular to each other. And it also successfully explains why in a multi-atom molecular system (in its 3-D spatial structure), the two spin axes of the nuclei of any two adjacent atoms always remain perpendicular to each other (an approximate right angle) in a 3-dimensional space. And ultimately, it also successfully explains the fundamental mechanism that causes the oscillations of the constituent atoms in a molecular system and the vibrations of the entire molecules. And this principle also lead me to discover the truth that the rotational axes of the earth and moon actually remains perpendicular to each other, rather parallel to each other, which is the reason why an earth-observer cannot see the back side of the moon.

The Macro-Micro-Unified Principle of Channel-Bond Duality or Tunnel-bond Duality. 

The channel-bond duality (or tunnel-bond duality) principle is a macro-micro-unified physical principle that describes the common nature shared by all types of electromagnetic bonds (or electromagnetic interactions) working in both macro-celestial-scaled world and micro-quantum-scaled world. The principle states that:

In every two-body or many-body system, every electromagnetic bond connecting any two adjacent rotating bodies (or bodies with their rotating nuclei) acts as an electromagnetic bonding force mediating structure and a mass-energy exchanging channel simultaneously. In other words, for all types of electromagnetic bond, whether a macro-celestial-scaled giant gravito-electromagnetic bond (such as the sun-earth gravito-electromagnetic bond) or a micro-molecular-scaled electromagnetic bond (such as the chemical bond), act as not only an electromagnetic force mediating structure with which two bodies are electromagnetically bonded together but also a mass-energy exchanging channel through which the two electromagnetically interacting bodies are actually performing the physical activities of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange.

The principle of channel-bond duality tells us two basic facts, the fact-1 is that the gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the sun and earth is merely an apparent physical phenomenon, behind which the essential nature of gravito-electromagnetic interaction is the sun-earth co-created and co-participated physical process of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange and the process is supposedly governed by the four suggested laws of star-planet coevolution. The fact-2 is that any types of an inter-atomic electromagnetic interaction, which manifests as a chemical bond, is merely an apparent physical phenomenon, behind which, during the bond-lasting time, the two nuclei of the electromagnetically bonding atoms are actually performing the physical activity of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange. This means that there must be an atom (say atom-A) with a relatively higher electronegativity who’s nucleon must become the mass-gaining nucleon and its nuclear stability is relatively higher while another atom (say atom-B) with a relatively lower electronegativity who’s nucleon will become the mass-losing nucleon and its nuclear stability is relatively lower. In this physical scenario, the mass-losing nucleon of atom-B would undergo beta decay or other modes of mass-energy decay ahead of atom-A.  For example, in a molecule of iron trioxide, during the bond-lasting time, the nuclei of oxygen atoms and the nuclei of iron atoms are always in the process of doing non-equivalent mass-energy exchange through the chemical bond because of the principle of channel-bond duality. Because the electronegativity of oxygen element is relatively higher than that of iron element, therefore, according the laws of inter-atomic mass-energy exchange (proposed earlier), the nuclei of oxygen atoms will become the mass-gaining nuclei with a relatively higher nuclear stability while the nuclei of iron atoms will become the mass-losing nuclei with a relatively lower nuclear stability. Overtime, the iron nuclei will undergo beta decay (or other known or unknown modes of decay ahead of the oxygen nuclei. For example, before the oxygen nuclei decaying into the isotopes of other elements such as the isotopes of nitrogen or fluorine element, the iron nuclei will have already decayed into an isotope of manganese element with higher probability or decay into an isotope of cobalt element with lower probability.

The Star-Planet Co-created and Co-operated Mechanism of Mass-Energy-Mass Conversion Cycle (MEMC-Cycle)

The assumption for the existence of star-planet co-created and co-operated mechanism of mass-energy-mass conversion cycle is based on the suggested fourth law of star-planet coevolution, which asserts that the planet-based process of the transmutation of atomic and subatomic particles follows the mass-energy-decreasing trend while the star-core-based process of the synthesis of atomic and subatomic particles follows the mass-energy-increasing trend. It is an experimentally verifiable idea that, so far, all known decay modes of atomic and subatomic particles can be summarized as the law of the earth-based process of mass-energy-decay trended particle transmutation. At the atomic scale, it is called the law of earth-based process of mass-energy-decay trended elemental transmutation. And at subatomic scale, the process of the earth-based subatomic particle transmutation follow the same law. So, at least, the first half section of the entire continuous process of the sun-planet co-operated mass-energy-conversion cycle has already been experimentally confirmed by ample evidence provided by earth-lab. And the second half section of the sun-planet co-operated mechanism of mass-energy-conversion cycle can be verified by such indirect evidence that the changes of all the basic physical parameters that can accurately reflect changes of the mass-energy scale of the earth follows an irreversibly mass-energy-decaying trend while some physical parameters reflecting the changes of the sun’s mass-energy scale, such as the  averaged brightness of solar photosphere and the averaged magnitude of solar magnetic field shows an irreversibly increasing trend.

 

The star-planet co-created and co-operated mechanism of reversible mass-energy conversion cycle contains two continuous sub-physical processes: (1) the sun-planet’s double magnetic fields co-energized but the solar electromagnetic wave energy dominated planet-based quantum-evaporation process which manifests as the earth-occurring mass-energy-decay trended elemental transmutation, also called the earth-based uranium-hydrogen-proton-meson-lepton-energy decay chain; and (2) the sun-earth’s double magnetic fields co-energized but the sun-core-based quantum-condensation process which manifests as the mass-energy-gaining trended energy jet-lepton-baryon-nucleon-element synthesis chain (ELBNE-Synth-Chain), also called the sun-planet co-created and co-operated mechanism of mass-energy-gain trended elemental synthesis. Because there must be many unknown super-superheavy elements that are much heavier than the heaviest known artificially synthesized elements that exist in the upper and lower mantle of all earth-like rocky planets, therefore, for the need of a simple description of the cyclically reversible processes of the planet-based mass-energy-decay trended elemental transmutation and the sun-core-based mass-energy-gain trended elemental synthesis, we use the uranium element as a symbolic representation to represent all superheavy elements heavier than uranium-238, including uranium itself, to be the starting element of the uranium-hydrogen decay chain. In this sense, the entire complex mass-energy-mass conversion cycle can be expressed as such a form using a set of representative atomic and subatomic particles and wave-energy jets to symbolize the complex mass-energy conversion cycle in which the heavy solid elements groups and the light gaseous elements groups that are regarded as the intermediate transmutation elements lie between uranium and hydrogen are collectively omitted, so complex mass-energy conversion chain cycle which starts at “uranium of generation-1” and ends at “uranium of generation-2” which is expressed as follows:

uranium(generation-1)-hydrogen(generation-1)-proton(generation-1)-meson(generation-1)-lepton(generation-1)-energyjet-lepton(generation-2)-baryon(generation-2)-nucleon(generation-2)-uranium(generation-2) cycle (UHPMLEg1-LBNUg2-cycle).

The first half of the chain with particles that are denoted with (generation-1) describes the planet-based quantum-evaporation process characterized by mass-energy-decreasing trended particle transmutation while the second half of this chain with particles that are denoted with (generation-2) describes the sun-core-based quantum-condensation process characterized by mass-energy-increasing trended elemental synthesis. At atomic level, this cyclic chain can also be reduced to be the uranium(generation-1)-hydrogen(generation-1)-uranium(generation-2)-hydorgen(generation-2) cycle (Ug1-Hg1-Ug2-Hg2 cycle).

Since the process of mass-energy-decay trended elemental transmutation can only be verified by the earth-based experiments, therefore, the sun-earth system is the best natural lab to test the theory of the sun-planet co-created and co-energized reversible process of mass-energy conversion cycle. Therefore, in the next paragraph, to attract more mainstream experimentalists to test my theory, I would like to review the early proposed physical scenario of how the earth’s constituent elemental atoms could all be forced to transmuted into hydrogen atoms that move upwards into hydrogen shell and how the hydrogen atoms in hydrogen shell would be forced to decay into various subatomic particles moving upwards into Van Allen Radiation Belt (VRB), and ultimately, all these subatomic particle would be converted into a pure energy jet in terms of the earth-ejected sunward-streaming electromagnetic wave energy jet. 

According to the fourth law of star-planet coevolution, the planet-based particle transmutation process follows the irreversible mass-energy-decay trend while the sun-core-based particle synthesizing process follows the irreversible mass-energy-increasing trend, this law determines the ultimate fates of all the earth’s constituent heavy elements—being converted into energy jets.

First, the theory of star-planet coevolution asserts that, from the earth’s core to its’ hydrogen shell in the upper atmosphere, there exist a “uranium-to-hydrogen trended elemental transmutation chain” or “uranium-hydrogen decay chain”, because there must be many unknown super-superheavy elements heavier than uranium-238 in earth’s upper and lower mantles that we cannot sample them, therefore, for the need of simple description, I use uranium to represent all super-superheavy elements heavier than uranium-238 as a starting point of the “uranium-hydrogen transmutation chain”, with the hydrogen being the terminal product (or ending point ) produced on this chain.  In this physical scenario, for uranium element to decay into hydrogen, there are two major elemental transmutation paths: the short-cut one-step process and the long-term many-step gradual process.

In the short-cut path scenario, a uranium atom, as a parent element, can produce a daughter hydrogen atom through neutron emission decay mode while simultaneously transforming itself into an isotope of thorium element. A free neutron emitted by uranium nucleus, if not absorbed by other nuclei, will decay into free proton through beta-minus decay mode in about 15 minutes (only in earth environment), and the free proton will immediately capture a free electron to become an approximately neutral hydrogen atom. Due to the breaking of charge conjugation symmetry or the existence of the law of non-conservation of charge conjugation symmetry, any approximately electrically neutral hydrogen atom will carry a tiny amount of fractional charge of either negative or positive. When two free hydrogen atoms with opposite fractional charge meet, they will be electromagnetically bonded into a neutral diatomic hydrogen gas molecule. If a uranium atom emits a helium nucleus through alpha decay mode, the helium nucleus will immediately capture two free electrons to become an approximately neutral helium atom. Any helium atom carries a tiny amount of fractional charge or Van der Waals force which enable helium atoms to gather together to form a helium molecule gas cloud in room temperature or Einstein-Boson condensate in an extremely low temperature. This is the fundamental reason why there are a large number of hydrogen molecules and helium atoms in the earth’s deep crust. However, helium atoms are only stable when they are confined inside the crust or at the bottom of the atmosphere. Once the helium atoms move upwards into the helium shell lie in earth’s upper atmosphere, they will immediately be photodissociated into isotopes of hydrogen element - deuterium and tritium, the latter two will be further photodissociated into isotope of hydrogen-1 during the process of their rising to the Earth's hydrogen shell. This is the basic physical scenario of how a parent uranium atom can directly give birth to a lot of hydrogen atoms via the short-cut path of the uranium-hydrogen decay chain.

In the long-term many-step gradual process, all uranium and transuranium elements on Earth will eventually decay into hydrogen through many-step complex intermediary processes in terms of various known and unknown modes of radioactive and non-radioactive decay, all these modes of elemental decay can be generalized to be the planet-based and solar wave-activated mass-energy-decaying trended process of elemental transmutation which is consistent with the fourth suggested law of star-planet coevolution. Besides the known modes of radioactive decay, here I propose two modes of non-radioactive decay, (1) the solar wave-activated gradually low-energy quantum mass-evaporation and (2) the chemical bond-promoted beta-minus/plus-alternated decay chain. 

In the solar wave-activated gradual mass-evaporation scenario, all elements heavier than hydrogen that make up a planet will eventually decay into hydrogen through various known and unknown radioactive and non-radioactive decay modes, and when the planet-sourced hydrogen atoms move up into a planet’s hydrogen shell, they will all be photo-electromagnetically disintregrated into protons and electrons and the latter two will move up into a planet’s Van Allen Radiation Belt where planet-sourced protons and the solar sourced protons will become earth other’s anti-particles and collide with each other which leads to the proton-meson-lepton-photon cascade decay chain.

For better understanding of how the uranium-hydrogen transmutation chain and the “proton-meson-lepton-photon” decay chain work, I take the earth as an example because our earth is a perfect natural lab in which the existence of the entire “uranium-hydrogen-proton-meson-lepton-photon” decay chain can be experimentally verified. According to my newly proposed star-core-operated planetary formation mechanism, I propose a new model for an approximate description of the general planetary elements distribution (GPED) in the earth’s solid part which is roughly divided into 3 zones: (1) the earth’s core should be made up of a group of extremely heavy and extremely radioactive elements that are generally termed as “Core-making Ultroheavy Mega Nuclei Elements (CM-UMNEs)”. The presumably estimated average number of nucleons in the nuclei of CM-UMNEs can reach tens of thousands or even millions, and their radioactivity can be millions of times higher than the highest known artificially synthesized radioactive elements, and their macroscopic properties should be similar to the liquid mercury at room temperature. And the dominant decay mode of the CM-UMNEs should be neutron scattering. In this physical scenario, the high-energy neutrons emitted from the CM-UMNEs would trigger the processes of the cluster emission and the symmetric or asymmetric nuclear fission of the super-superheavy transuranium elements that are thought to be the dominant elements of the earth’s lower and upper mantles. (2), as afore-mentioned idea in content-(1), the earth’s lower and upper mantles should be made up of super-superheavy transuranium elements who’s dominant decay modes should be cluster emission and nuclear fission. In this physical scenario, the uranium-238 distributed in earth’s crust can be viewed as the biggest fragment disintegrated by the decay mode of nuclear fission (symmetric or asymmetric) of the super-superheavy transuranium elements that make up the earth’s mantles. (3), the Earth's crust should mainly consist of uranium and thorium located at the bottom of the crust (by mass), and the iron-family elements in the middle crust and the oxygen located in the middle-to-upper parts of the crust (by mass), the already known modes of radioactive decay is the dominant modes that can be used to explain the uranium-lead decay chain. However, for stable isotopes of the iron and oxygen elements, no theory or mode has been proposed to describe how can these stable nuclides transmute into ever lighter nuclides. Here, I would like to propose two possible modes to explain how the stable iron nuclei and oxygen nuclei can also transmute into lighter nuclei: the first suggested mode is the gradual long-term process of low-energy non-radioactive photo-mass-evaporation. We all know that any stable element in the ground state will also radiate electromagnetic wave energy to the surrounding environment in the low-energy infrared spectral range. Logically, no matter how long a stable nucleus can survive, when such a low-energy radiation-cause mass-evaporation goes a critical stage, a stable nucleus can become unstable which triggers an observable transmutation process. To verify the existence of the non-radioactive low-energy mass-evaporation, we can put a certain amount of high-purity elemental atoms of a stable isotope in several different sealed glass bottles and put them in deep crust, surfaces of different altitudes for a long period of time, and use high-precision mass-spectrometer to examine them. One would find that, there must a trace amount of new isotopes naturally occurs in those samples glass bottles which indicate the gradual mass-evaporation-caused mass-decaying trended isotopic and elemental transmutation. The second suggested mode of elemental transmutation is called the chemical bond-enabled beta-minus/plus-alternated decay cascade, which is the result of the principle of channel-bond duality and of the first suggested law of interatomic nonequivalent mass-energy exchange. In this physical scenario, the bond-enabled non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between any two electromagnetically bonding atoms will result in a mass-gaining atomic nucleus and a mass-losing atomic nucleus. For a mass-gaining nucleus, the decay rate of its nuclear binding energy would be relatively lower which manifests as a higher nuclear stability and longer survive time. In comparison, for a mass-losing nucleus, the decay rate of its nuclear binding energy would be relatively higher which manifests as a lower nuclear stability and a shorter survival time. So, when the nuclear binding energy of the mass-losing atom reduces to a critical level, it will trigger a slow process of beta-minus/plus-alternate decay chain as the results of the principle of channel-bond duality and the laws of interatomic nonequivalent mass-energy exchange. For example, in the molecular system of a ferric oxide molecule, according to the first suggested law of interatomic non-equivalent mass-energy exchange, the oxygen nuclei with a relatively higher electronegativity will become mass-gainer while the iron nuclei with a relatively lower electronegativity will become mass-loser, since a nuclear mass-losing process means a nuclear binding-energy-losing process, therefore, as the iron nuclei keep losing their mass, their nuclear binding energy will also become progressively weakening, thus, the iron nuclei will undergo beta-minus/plus-alternate decay ahead of their bonding oxygen nuclei, in which process an iron nuclei will decay into a manganese nucleus before the oxygen nuclei decaying into nitrogen nuclei. Thus, the principle of channel-bond duality tells us that chemical bond plays important role in promoting the mass-energy-decay trended process of elemental transmutation.

When a group of the earth-occurring solid elements transmute into a group of earth-occurring gaseous elements, the mass of matter particles being completely transformed into a pure electromagnetic wave energy jet is accelerated. For example, in earth’s lower atmosphere, the cosmic-ray spallation can cause the nuclei of a group of heavier gas elements to be broken into a group of smaller nuclei which gives rise to ever lighter gas elements. And the solar wave-energy-promoted processes, such as the mechanisms of photodissociation, photodisintegration and photofission, will also accelerate the continuous process of all gas elements heavier than hydrogen element decaying into the isotope of hydrogen-1 and the process of the atoms of hydrogen-1 that lie in the hydrogen shell being disintegrated into protons and electrons in protonosphere. In this physical scenario, the zone starting from the earth’s core to its hydrogen shell in upper atmosphere marks the stage of the mass-energy-decaying trended process of particle transmutation progressing at atomic level which can be simply expressed as the “uranium-hydrogen transmutation chain”. The zone starting from the earth’s hydrogen shell to its protonosphere and then to the upper region of earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt (VRB) marks the stage of the earth-based mass-energy-decay trended process of particle transmutation progressing at subatomic level which can be simply expressed as the “hydrogen-proton-meson-lepton-photon”decay chain” (or the HPMLP-decay chain in short form). In this physical scenario, the earth-sourced hydrogen atoms that move up into in hydrogen shell is called the “terrestrial hydrogen” atoms that will be further disintegrated into the “terrestrial protons” and the “terrestrial electrons” by the mechanism of the solar wave energy-caused photodisintegration. Since the protonosphere is an overlapped zone between the upper region of hydrogen shell and the lower region of the lower belt of the Van Allen Radiation Belt, therefore, the entire region of the Van Allen Radiation Belt is a region in which the “terrestrial protons” and the “solar-sourced protons” will be converted into each other’s anti-particles relatively, which means that the up-streaming terrestrial protons will be converted into the anti-proton of the solar-proton while down-streaming solar protons will be converted into anti-proton of the terrestrial proton, the mechanism of which is called the sun-earth’s double magnetic fields co-energized and the geomagnetic field-confined double-sourced proton-antiproton conversion-and-collision mechanism. In this physical scenario, the mechanism of the double-sourced proton-antiproton conversion-and-collision will cause each of the colliding proton-antiproton pair being created in the Van Allen Radiation Belt to decay into pion particles which then immediately decay into muon particles, and the muon particles immediately decay into electron/positron pairs which then decay into photonic wave-energy jet, the process of which is called the proton-meson-muon-electron/positron-photon decay cascade process (PMME/P-P-Cascade decay chain). This newly proposed hypothetical mechanism (the PMME/P-P-Cascade decay chain) can be used to explain the reason why the AMS-0.2 measured higher-than-expected positron/electron ratio. In this sense, the Van Allen Radiation Belt can also be regarded as the pre-mass-energy conversion zone of the entire mass-energy conversion cycle, or the phase-1 mass-energy conversion process. And next, in the wide area starting from the lower region of the earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt to the outer edge of the earth’s bow shock wave is called the zone of the phase-2 mass-energy conversion cycle. And ultimately, in the widespread area of the inter-solar-terrestrial space, there exists a zone of what I called it the pure electromagnetic wave energy-transferring zone, which should start from the outer-edge of the earth’s bow shock wave structure to the upper layer of the sun’s photosphere, which is the pure electromagnetic wave-energy jet transferring zone which is an earth-ejected sunward-streaming lance-like electromagnetic wave energy jet, with its jet-head pointing to the direction of the sun’s core. In this physical scenario, the earth-sourced hydrogen and protons are converted into a large flux of the earth-ejected sunward-streaming pure electromagnetic wave energy-jet which will be all the way injected into the sun’s core wherein, the earth-injected energy jet and the sun-core-based particles will be collided with each other under the confinement of the solar magnetic field, the mechanism of which is called the sun-planet double magnetic fields co-energized and the solar magnetic field confined double-sourced particle-energy jets colliding. This is the star-planet co-created and co-operated mechanism how would the star-planet’s double-sourced matter-energy-jets can be used by the sun to synthesized various high-energy leptonic and baryonic particles, including neutrons and protons that can be used by sun to directly synthesize the all kinds of heavy and super-heavy elements in its core, and all these freshly synthesized heavy elements will immediately be electromagnetically coated onto the spinning bodies of the sun-core-gestated embryonic metallic karyospheres , the mechanism of which is called the even-mass-coating mechanism which makes planets spherical and the sun-core-gestated mass-growing embryonic metallic karyospheres are the mass-growing planetary embryos of next-generation planets. In this sense, the zone starting from outer layer of the solar photosphere to the sun’s core is called the zone of energy-to-mass conversion zone which the last stage of mass-energy conversion cycle. In this physical scenario, all the masses and energies of the current-evolving planets in the solar system will be ultimately converted into the body mass of the sun-core-gestated mass-evolving high-metal and high-density planetary embryos. At this time, in about more than 50 billion years, the entire solar system will be evolve to be a giant-core-gestated component star of next-generation contact binary-star system, with its future companion star being the entire current-evolving Alpha Centauri system that is now approaching our solar system at an accelerating velocity. When the future Solar-Alpha Centauri binary system merge into a next-generation planet-bearing single-star system, the whole process of mass-energy-mass conversion cycle will repeat again. This is the basic picture of how the start-planet co-created and operated unified mechanism of mass-energy-mass conversion cycle works.

The Frame of the Master-key Theory

In addition to discovery of the macro-micro-unified physical mechanism of creating the four fundamental interactions, a theory that is qualified to be called the theory of everything must meet at least two other basic criteria: (1) Must be able to explain all the physical phenomena that occur in the solar system, especially those that occur in the Sun-Earth system. (2) Must be able to make many verifiable predictions. Logically, the correct explanation of all the physical phenomena occurring in the solar system is based on the discovery of the correct physical mechanisms of the origin of the solar system and the correct physical laws that govern the evolutionary process of the solar system. In other words, if an alternative version of the ToE is based on an incorrect theory of the origin of the solar system (and/or an incorrect cosmological theory), then such an alternative version cannot provide a correct explanation for the fundamental physical phenomena that occur within the solar system. Logically speaking, it is impossible to discover the ultimate theory of explaining everything until scientists have discovered a correct theory of consistently explaining the origin and evolution of the solar system. In this sense, the frame of the Master-key theory naturally includes the frame of the theory of star-planet coevolution which enables the Master-key theory to have a basic power to explain and predict all the fundamental physical phenomena and all events occurring in the solar system. And then, by adding the newly proposed galactic-center-operated physical mechanism (also called the ultimate cosmic mechanism)—the double-holes-structured and the double holes’ effects-hybridized dual-energy conversion mechanism, we can explain the mechanism of how the Fermi Bubble (should be renamed as Finkbeiner Bubble) is created and how the photothermal-expanding energy characterized by gamma-ray and the darkcold-contracting energy characterized by X-ray is mutually converted into each other within a double-hole-structured dual-energy conversion system, and why the electromagnetic-attraction and the electromagnetic-repulsion are always hybridized within an electromagnetic interaction. Furthermore, the star-planet co-created and co-operated mechanism of mass-energy-mass conversion cycle can explain how and why the earth’s constituent atoms can be totally converted into an earth-ejected sunward-streaming pure electromagnetic wave energy jet and how the pure wave energy jet can be used by the sun to synthesize all kinds of matter particles, including all kinds of heavy, superheavy, and the ultraheavy meaga nuclei elements that make up the spherical bodies of the next-generation planets.

Finally, it must be specifically stated that as an amateur astrophysicist who is not a native English speaker, there must be many grammatical and semantic flaws in this unedited and proofread book. But hopefully my basic ideas have been clearly expressed in this book. The flaws in language expression will be gradually improved in the next revised version. Therefore, if any professional English-speaking theoretical physicist would like to help me improve the language expression level of this book, I would greatly appreciate it! And I’m willing to pay some editing fees.

Reference:

1. Unveiling the Origin of the Fermi Bubbles, February 13, 2018 submitted to Galaxies; H.-Y. K. Yang 1, M. Ruszkowski 2 and E. G. Zweibel 3.

2. Heiles, C. (1979) H I Shells and Supershells. The Astrophysical Journal, 229, 533. https://doi.org/10.1086/156986  

Chapter-4-edit-3, the theory of star-planet coevolution, chapter 4

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