Chapter 2-edt-3 

The Theory of Star-Planet Coevolution

Chapter 2

The Origin and Evolution of the Solar System – Stellar Merger Model

2.1 The philosophical inspiration of the Yin-Yang dialectics of Taoism and the holistic view of TCM

The Yin-Yang dialectics of Taoism and the holistic view of Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) both played a crucial philosophical inspiration role in inspiring me to discover the stellar-merger origin model to explain the origin of the solar system. Firstly, according to Taoism's basic philosophical guiding principle of exploring the laws of nature, the most basic laws and mechanisms of nature must be hidden behind the most common natural phenomena. Inspired by the philosophical wisdom of Taoism, I began to ponder that the mystery of the origin of the solar system must be hidden behind the most common astronomical phenomena that occur in the stellar world since our solar system is just an ordinary planet-bearing single star system. There is no doubt that, in our Milky Way Galaxy, the star-pairing phenomena, which manifest as various types of binary-star systems, and the stellar-merger events, which may manifest as various types of supernova explosion, are the most common astrophysical phenomena occurring in the stellar world. Therefore, the physical mechanisms and laws governing the origin and evolution of the solar system are likely to be hidden behind the commonly seen binary-star systems and the frequently occurred stellar-merger events. And I also believe that, by combining the ancient Taoist way of philosophical thinking with the modern-west way of physical thinking, I may develop a powerful new mode of scientific thinking that is totally based on the correct worldview, I call this new mode of scientific thinking the “Neophilosophsical thinking mode” which help may discover a new physical theory that can explain the origin and evolution of the solar system with a high degree of self-consistency and falsifiability. 

I hypothesized that, if the solar system were the daughter single star system that originated from a stellar-merger event, the mass of the parent binary-star system will then be completely inherited by the daughter solar system. This picture can immediately help us find a plausible physical mechanism to explain the initial formation of the young Sun. However, the problem with this stellar-merging model is that it is difficult to directly discover the physical mechanisms of planetary formation in the scenario of stellar-merger. I have been puzzled for a long time about how to figure out the mechanism of planetary formation in the scenario of stellar-merger without any results until one day when I was preparing for my favorite food—“sauteed egg with chopped tomato”, I took two eggs and one tomato out of my refrigerator and put them on the kitchen counter, and I looked at the fresh eggs for a few seconds and suddenly, the philosophical wisdom hidden in the Yin-Yang dialectics of Taoism had once again come into play. Taoists believes that any two coupled components in all kinds of binary systems in the universe can be endowed with a generalized biological properties of gender—the male body and female body. This means that any two component stars of a binary system can be classified as a male-component star and a female-component star. In this way, during the merger process, the female-component star may eject its core-gestated embryonic metallic karyospheres (dubbed the giant iron eggs) —the massively matured planetary embryos of next-generation planets—into the circumstellar space to give birth to a clutch of new born daughter planets just like hens laying eggs. Thus, I came up with an idea that planetary embryos may like a clutch of star-core-gestated mass-growing “giant iron eggs” that were originally implanted in the core of its mother star via a putative mechanism of stellar-merger-caused embryonic metallic karyosphere-implanted plasmatic fusion occurring during the process of the 2-in-1 merger of the parent binary system and later, when these star-core-gestated “giant iron eggs” evolved into a massively matured status, they could be ejected out into space by their mother star (a female-mother-natured component star of a merge-phased binary system) via a putative mechanism of what I called the stellar-merger-activated metallic karyosphere-ejection. I was so excited about this great metaphoric idea and I coined the metaphorical nickname “Wei Ju’s Egg” that is also an important scientific pet just like Schrödinger's Cat because it’s really helped me to describe my groundbreaking hypothesis that planetary embryos of all planets in the universe should be originally a clutch of star-core-gestated high-density metallic karyospheres that grow in mass via a star-core-operated mechanism of what I called even mass-coating. In this physical scenario, the mechanism by which the heavy metal elements synthesized in star core is stellar magnetic field confined and stellar-planetary double magnetic fields co-energized and stellar-planetary double-sourced electromagnetic jets colliding. The process of heavy elements synthesis and the process of planetary embryos growing in mass are consecutively proceeding processes by which the freshly synthesized heavy elements would be evenly electromagnetically coated onto the spinning bodies of star-core-gestated planetary embryos until they grow up to their massively matured status, before being ejected out into space to become a clutch of fully-fledged newborn planets. In this sense, I believe that the newly coined concept of “Wei Ju’s Egg”, as a scientific metaphor, should have the same scientific value as Schrodinger’s Cat. If Schrodinger’s Cat can help us understand the principle of quantum superposition, then “Wei Ju’s Egg” can also help us understand the star-core origin theory concerning the initial region and physical mechanism of planet formation.

Besides the several other differences in the aspects of physical mechanisms, there is a key criterion that makes the classical planetary formation model and my star-core-origin model radically different form each other is the initial formation region of the planetary embryos. This is a decisive criterion of choosing one between two. There is no third choice. As far as the initial region of planet formation is concerned, all the traditional theories concerning the planet formation can be classified as the circumstellar origin theories which hold that the planetary embryos originally formed from the protoplanetray disc surrounding the protostar, while my theory of star-planet coevoluton can be classified as the star-core-origin theory, which holds that the initial formation region and the subsequent mass-growing region of a planetary embryo lie within the core of its mother star. In the second physical picture, a clutch of star-core-gestated planetary embryos (termed as the embryonic metallic karyospheres) that were originally implanted in the core of their mother star and were continuously growing in mass therein until they become massively matured before being be ejected out by their mother star to become a clutch of newly formed young planets via the putative stellar-merger-caused karyosphere-ejection.

As mentioned-above, both the Taoist’s Yin-Yang way of dialectical thinking and the holistic view of TCM gave me some valuable insights into the questions of planetary formation. According to the Taoist’s way of viewing things, all physically pairing objects can be generally classified into a Yin-negative-natured body and a Yang-positive-natured body by assigning them the generalized physical nature. Based on the Taoist’s Ying-Yang classification of things, Taoist natural philosophy also holds that all physically-pairing bodies can also be classified into a more generalized nature-revealed concept of a male-father body and a female-mother body. Based on this idea, I hypothesize that, if the physical mechanism of planetary formation is really hidden behind commonly seen stellar-merger events, then the two component stars of a contact binary system can be classified into a male-father component star and a female-mother component star by assigning them the basic biophysical properties according to the roles they played in the cyclically-occurred life-relaying processes in which a parent binary-star system are merging into a daughter-generation single star system. In this physical scenario, the planets of the solar system, can be regarded as a clutch of mass-matured planetary embryos of the daughter-generation planets, like a clutch of “giant metal eggs”, can be plausibly given life by its mother star— the female-mother component star of a merging-phased parent binary-star system—through a plausible physical mechanism of stellar-merger-caused ejection of the mass-matured embryonic metallic karyospheres that were originally gestated in the core of the female-mother component star of a merging-phased parent binary-star system. This stellar-merger origin hypothesis implies that the daughter-generation planets as a clutch of mass-matured metallic planetary embryos being ejected by their mother star can be distributed into the circumstellar space and revolve around the newborn daughter-generation single star that also formed in the same stellar-merger event through a putative mechanism of what I suggested “stellar-merger-caused seminal core-implanted plasmatic fusion”. By following this thought map, an initial blurred physical picture became gradually clear that our solar system, being a daughter product, originated from a once merged parent binary-star system (the parent binary-star system). Thus, I proposed a hypothesis that both the young Sun and its orbiting planets would have formed from the same stellar-merger event occurred at least 10 billion years ago. In other words, the two fundamental physical mechanisms, the mechanism of the Sun formation and the mechanism of planet formation, could operate synchronously in the same process of stellar-merger in which one pair of parent binary-star system merged into a daughter single star system. The masses of the female-mother-natured component star and the male-father-natured component star can be completely inherited by the daughter single star system by following the universal law of double-sourced parental matter-gene inheritance.

2.2. Several putative mechanisms and laws proposed to explain the origin and evolution the solar system

Based on above-mentioned assumptions, I have proposed a stellar-merger origin model for describing the process of the origin and evolution of the solar system. This model holds that the solar system, as a daughter-generation single star system, originated from a stellar-merger of its parent binary-star system that occurred at least 10 billion years ago, rather than a nebula collapse caused by a supernova explosion occurred 4.6 billion years ago. The reason why I have largely increased the timescale of the solar system’s history is because my suggested mechanism of asteroids formation is radically different from the traditional mechanism of asteroid formation. The new model holds that asteroids are actually the debris of the ripped remains of a life-ending planet who’s body (iron core) were thermal-magnetically ripped into pieces by the combination effects of the Sun’s strong magnetic field and the Sun’s million-degree atmospheric temperature as the result of my suggested law of planetary orbital decay, rather than the precursor materials of the forming planets (for detailed explanation please read the content of asteroid formation). So, the timescale of the age of the solar system’ should be the sum-up value of the timescale of average lifespan of planets (about 10 billion years) plus the value of the age of asteroids (about 4.6 billion years) measured by the method of radioisotope dating. The stellar-merger origin model codifies the two basic concepts: (1) the origin of the Sun and the origin of the solar system’s planets occurred in the same time of the same stellar-merger event occurred in at least 10 billion years ago. (2), the total mass of the daughter solar system is approximately equal to the total mass of its parent binary-star system, which means that the masses of the two parent component stars in the binary system had been totally inherited by the daughter solar system by following the universal law of double-sourced matter-gene inheritance. Here, the concept of matter-gene can be defined as a group of unique complex ratios of some particular isotopes and isomers that were inherited by the Sun and the planets via the stellar-merger mechanism. So, the law of double-sourced matter-gene inheritance seems to be a basic universal law shared by both the advanced terrestrial lives and the celestial life systems. If the law of double-sourced matter-gene inheritance is proved to true, then the Taoist’s view that all forms of lives, either celestial life form or the advanced terrestrial life form, share the common nature of cyclically life-relaying process of all kinds of life forms. Undoubtedly, the above-mentioned Taoist naive naturalistic worldview is actually full of superb philosophical wisdom because of its crucial role in inspiring new physical ideas.

2.2.1 The mechanism of planet formation

The mechanism by which the planet is formed is stellar-merger-caused metallic karyosphare-ejection. In this physical scenario, when one pair of contact binary-star system evolved into its merging phase, the velocity of their mutual-orbiting motion will be greatly accelerated as the distance between the two approaching component stars is quickly shortened because of the law of (approximate) conservation of angular momentum. As the speed of the mutually orbiting of the approaching component stars is accelerating, the centrifugal force acting on the core-gestated metallic karyospheres of the two merging component stars will increase exponentially to such a great strength that the core-gestated metallic karyospheres of merging component stars will be thrown out of their plasma envelopes into the circumstellar space. At this time, one of the component star, called the female-mother component star, would use this highly strengthened centrifugal force to eject out all its core-gestated mass-matured embryonic metallic karyospheres into the local circumstellar space, giving birth to a clutch of newborn daughter-generation planets. The star-core-origin scenario described in the theory of star-planet coevolution is diametrically different from that of the circumstellar-origin scenario described by the solar nebular theory in terms of the location of planet formation.

Because of the principle of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting and entangling of the magnetic fields lines of any two electromagnetically acting bodies is a universal mechanism operating on all kinds of two-body system, therefore, the spin axes of mutually orbiting and quickly approaching component stars is always perpendicular to one another. As is seen in the physical scenario of the colliding-caused decaying particles shown by LHC collaborates, the motion tracks of all these thrown-out metallic karyospheres are nearly circular, therefore, some of these thrown-out metallic karyospheres will be forcibly sent to a far-reaching circumstellar space to become the newly-formed daughter-generation young planets, almost in the same time, the seminal metallic karyospheres ejected by the male-father component star will be directly injected into the core area of the female-mother and firmly implanted within in the core. The trajectory of seminal metallic karyosphere ejected by the male-father component star should be a circular path as the seminal karyospheres would fly back into the core of the stellar-merger-created newborn daughter star (resembles the Indian boomerangs) to become the constituent metallic karyospheres of the seminal core of the daughter star. And all these seminal embryonic karyospheres implanted into the core of the daughter star would automatically become the embryonic nuclei of the star-core-gestated mass-growing embryonic metallic karyospheres that become the planetary embryos of next-generation planets. For detailed explanations regarding the process of how could these star-core-gestated embryonic metallic karyospheres grow in mass in the core of their mother star (via the suggested mechanism of even mass-coating which is synchronized with the process of the star-core-based heavy elements synthesis), please read the content of section-3, the essential nature of the evolutionary process of the solar system).

In terms of the entire process of planetary formation, the physical process can be roughly divided into three stages:

Stage-1, the stage 1 is the seed core-implantation stage or the seminal core-implantation stage, in which the seminal planetary embryos are seeded in the core of their mother star, the process of which is called the stellar-merger-caused seminal core—implanted plasmatic fusion, or the seminal giant metal nuclei-implanted plasmatic fusion. Metaphorically, it resembles the process of a fertilized egg being implanted in the uterus of an advanced terrestrial life. In this sense, the core of current Sun is like a giant celestial uterus in which the mass-growing embryonic metallic karyosphere—the mass-evolving planetary embryos of next-generation planets are growing in an irreversible process until one day in the distant future they become massively-matured.

Stage-2, the stage-2 is the planetary embryos’ mass-growing (mass-evolution) stage in which the star-core-gestated planetary embryos grow in mass until they become massively matured before being ejected out by their mother star. This is the longest process of the whole life of a planet growing up from a planetary embryo. The mechanism by which the planetary embryo grows in body mass is even mass-coating, in this physical scenario, a large amount of freshly synthesized heavy metal elements in the star core (via the suggested mechanism of the Sun’s magnetic field confined solar-planetary double-sourced particle jets colliding) are constantly electromagnetically coated on the surfaces of the star-core-gestated spinning metallic karyospheres, which enable the high density planetary embryos grow in masses at an accelerate mass-growing rate. In the same time, the quantum-tunneling mechanism would enable these star-core-synthesized energetic neutrons of the highest energy level to penetrate into the nuclei shells of the atoms lie within the very center of the planetary embryos, which could create a group of ultra-heavy mega-nuclear elements (UMNEs)—a group of extremely yet-known heavy elements that could be million times heavier that the heaviest known element. The physical process of the current evolving solar system is essentially the process of planetary formation at stage-2 (for detailed explanation of how a star-core-gestated planetary growing in mass, please read the content of section 3 and 4).

Stage-3, stage 3 is also called the stage of stellar-merger-caused ejection of the mass-matured planetary embryos, or metaphorically, the planetary embryos laboring stage (or the giant metal egg-laying stage), in which a clutch of the mass-matured metallic planetary embryos are being ejected out into space by their mother star (the female-mother component star of merging binary star system) via the suggested mechanism of stellar-merger-caused metallic karyosphere-ejection.

(1) Several initial physical properties of the young planets

There are several basic physical parameters of a newly formed planet will reach the highest value in the whole life of an evolving planet and later, all these basic physical parameters of an evolving planet will gradually decay in the process of its subsequent evolution. These basic physical parameters include: the highest speed of rotation; the biggest orbital radius; the strongest strength of its magnetic field; the highest mass-density (corresponding the highest metallicity) and the biggest volume of body mass. The reason why the above-mentioned multiple physical parameters of an evolving planet will decay synchronously by following an irreversible trend is because of the existence of the fundamental mechanism of non-equivalent matter-energy exchange between the Sun and planets. Modern observations show that the strength of the earth’s magnetic field, the value of the earth’s mass, the strength of the earth’s mass-based gravitational attraction to its big, the earth’s rotational speed, the length of the earth’s orbital radius, are all decay synchronously by following an unstoppable trend, while the value of the Sun’s mass-energy scale will increase by following an irreversible mass-energy-increasing trend. The detailed physical explanation for how the mass-energy of an evolving planet could be transformed into the Sun’s core to be converted into the body masses of the sun-core-gestated embryonic metallic karyospheres (the planetary embryos of next-generation planets) will be followed in section 3.

2.2.2 The mechanism of the Sun formation

The mechanism by which the sun is formed is stellar-merger-caused seminal metallic karyosphere-implanted plasmatic fusion (or simply called the seminal-core-implanted plasmatic fusion). In this physical scenario, when the distance between two merging component stars becomes so narrow that the velocity of their mutually orbital motion creases exponentially because of the law of conservation of angular momentum. Thus, the centrifugal force acting on their cores also increases considerably. In this physical scenario, the mechanism by which the female-mother component star ejected its core-gestated mass-matured metallic karyospheres will enable the female-mother component star to create a vacuum space which is helpful for the mother component star to attract the in-coming seminal metallic karyospheres that is ejected by its male companion star (the male-father component star). In this physical scenario, almost at the same time, when the female-mother component star ejected the mass-matured embryonic metallic karyospheres nuclei from its core into the surrounding space, a stream of seminal metallic karyospheres ejected by the male-father component star would be immediately implanted into the core of the female-mother component star. Once the male-father component star has lost its seminal metallic karyospheres, its plasma shell will naturally merge with that of the female-mother component star under the action of gravito-electromagnetic force. Thus, two parent component stars merge into a newborn daughter single star, forming the nascent Sun. So, the mechanism of stellar-merger-caused seminal core-implanted plasmatic fusion is a viable physical mechanism by which the Sun is formed.

In contrast to the initial status of the physical parameters of the newly-formed young planets, the initial mass-energy scale of the newly-formed young Sun is in the lowest level in its’ life, later, in the subsequent evolutionary process, which is essentially the process of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the Sun and planets (or the sun-planet coevolution process), the Sun will keep gaining its body mass via the physical mechanism of the bilateral and non-equivalent inter-solar-planetary mass-energy exchange. As the Sun keeps increasing in mass while the planets keep losing their masses, it will definitely be a result of such a irreversible process that, in the far distant future, the masses of the current-evolving planets in the solar system will be completely transferred into the Sun’s core to be converted into the body masses of the Sun-core-gestated embryonic metallic karyospheres—the planetary embryos of next-generation planets. For detailed explanation about the mechanisms and laws involving the process of the solar system’s mass-energy transference from the planets to the sun’s core (the law of solar-end mass-energy transference), and how the solar system as a whole would evolve to be a giant-core-gestated female-mother component star of a next-generation binary system (with its future companion star being evolved from the current Alpha Centauri System), please read the contents of next section.

The process in which two parent contact component stars merges into a daughter single star is also a process in which the barycenter originally lies in between two component stars shift to the core of the daughter-generation single star, the mechanism of which is therefore called the interstellar barycenter shift. As the nascent Sun become the new gravitational center, all the infant planets, as the results of stellar-merger-caused metallic karyosphere ejection, will be gravito-electromagnetically attracted by the Sun and permanently revolve around it. In this physical scenario, as the magnetic field of the nascent Sun reaches out to at least 1 light-year away from its core, therefore, the magnetic fields’ lines of all the newborn planets revolving around the Sun that serve as a group of planetary-rotor, will naturally intercut and entangle with the magnetic field lines of the Sun that serves as a stellar-stator, creating a solar-stator and planetary-rotor integrated complex dynamo system(the SSPR-dynamo system), the mechanism of which is then called the SSPR-dynamo mechanism. So, the plausible mechanism by which the entire solar system is formed is SSPR-dynamo mechanism. The detailed description of the formation of the solar system is presented in the following section.

2.2.3 The mechanism of the formation of the whole solar system

The mechanism by which the whole solar system is formed is intercutting and entangling of the magnetic fields lines between the new born young Sun and young planets, or the stellar-stator and planetary-rotor combined dynamo mechanism (SSPR-DM). In this physical scenario, a newly formed daughter generation star, like our young energetic Sun, serves as central stellar-stator as its far-reached strong magnetic field extends to the outer edge of Oort Cloud (a distance of more than 1 light-year), in which the newly formed young and energetic planets, with their initial magnetic fields being the strongest level, would serve as a group of planetary-rotors, and the magnetic field lines of every newborn planet will be frequently intercutting and entangling with the magnetic field lines of the young Sun—the central-stellar-stator, forming a cluster of invisible radial-configured gravito-electromagnetic bonds. These sun-planet-connecting bonds are functioning as both an electromagnetic force-mediator and a mass-energy exchanging channel simultaneously. The principle that describes the dual-natured functions of the sun-planet-connecting gravito-electromagnetic bond is called the principle of tunnel-bond duality (or the principle of channel-bond duality), which is also the best description of the dualistic-natured functions of the inter-atomic electromagnetic bond (the chemical bond). Thus, the principle of tunnel-bond duality is a macro-micro-unified fundamental physical principle that can be used to be a unification element to propound the theory of everything (for detailed explanation, please read the content of chapter 5).

Once the solar system was initially formed, it naturally becomes a coevolutionary system in which the Sun and its orbiting planets must coevolve by means of performing the physical activity of bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange. The coevolution process of the Sun and planets is supposedly governed by the four suggested laws of star-planet coevolution, which is characterized by an inversely coherent changes in mass-energy scales of the Sun and planets. The laws and mechanisms that are proposed to govern the physical process of the coevolution of the Sun and planets will be explicitly explained in Chapter 3.

2.2.4 The formation of the earth-moon system

One of the most perplexing questions about the origin of the solar system is how the Earth-Moon system was formed. The currently accepted theory concerning the formation of the Earth-Moon system is giant impact hypothesis (GIH), which holds that a 45-degree oblique titanic collision between the protoearth and a Mars-sized planetary object (named Theia) led to the formation of the Earth-moon system. Although the GIH model can explain several aspects of the Earth-moon system, but it is still full of loopholes. The reason why the author believes that the GIH model cannot be correct is that this model is based on a completely wrong physical mechanism of protoplanet formation. The precondition for any theory to correctly explain the formation of earth-moon system is that such a theory or model must be built on a solid basis of the correct mechanism of planet formation. In this sense, GIH model is based on a circumstellar origin theory in which the solar system’s planets are thought to be created on a circumstellar proplanetary disc through the mechanism of accretion. If all kinds of circumstellar origin theory concerning the planet formation are proved wrong, then the GIH model will naturally falsified.

The theory of star-planet coevolution holds that the whole process of planet formation, starting from the first stage of a seminal planetary embryo being initially implanted into the core of its mother star (via the mechanism of stellar-merger-caused seminal core-implanted plasmatic fusion) to the final stage of the planetary embryo growing up into a massively matured status, occurs within the core region of its mother star. Therefore, our new theory concerning the formation of Earth-Moon system is based on the star-core origin theory, which holds that the Earth and its big moon were originally two embryonic metallic karyospheres that had been gestated in the core of their mother star for at least ten-billion years and the whole process by which the Earth-represented and the moon-represented embryonic metallic karyosheres gained their body masses to their massively matured status occurs within the core region of their mother and later grew were ejected out into space to become the fully-fledged planets via the mechanism of stellar-merger-trigged metallic karyosphere ejection, a process in which the seminal core is implanted into the core of its mother star to its massively matured status, the whole process of a planet formation can only occur within the core of the mother star (star-core origin theory). So, the new mechanism of the formation of the Earth-Moon system is gravito-electromagnetic capture (totally different from the classical capture theory). This new electromagnetic capture theory is diametrically different from the classical capture theory because it is based on a new mechanism of planetary formation—the star-core origin theory. In contrast, the GIH is based on the classical circumstellar origin theory which put the initial location of planet formation on a circumstellar disc. In the new physical scenario, both the Earth and its big moon were originally two star-core-gestated massively matured embryonic metallic karyospheres that were gestated in the core of the same female-mother-natured component star of a parent contact binary-star system, and later, the Earth-represented metallic karyosphere and Moon-represented metallic karyosphere were sequentially ejected out into space (by the same mother-natured component star of a merge-phased parent binary-star system) to become two fully-fledged newborn baby planets via the mechanism of stellar-merger-trigged metallic karyosphere-ejection. In this physical scenario, when one pair of binary-star system evolved into its merge-phase, the distance between the two component stars will be rapidly shortening while the velocity of their mutually-orbiting is also accelerating, the process of which could generate a exponentially-increased strong centrifugal force because of the law of approximate conservation of angular momentum, which enable a female-mother-natured component star to eject a clutch of massively matured embryonic metallic karyospheres into local space, which led to the newborn baby planets. The Earth- and the Moon-represented metallic karyospheres are just members of the many metallic karyospheres being ejected out by the same mother star of the same merge-phased parent binary system. In this physical scenario, both the earth-mass metallic karyosphere and the moon-mass metallic karyosphere were ejected by the same mother star, when the two metallic karyospheres are approaching each other via a circular trajectory path, their rotational axes will be automatically adjusted to be perpendicular to one another and their magnetic fields lines will be intercut with each other by following the micro-macro-unified universal principle of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting of magnetic fields lines. The mechanism by which the pluto-charon system is formed is exactly the same as the earth-moon system.

The reason for each planet to be distributed in different orbits is that, during the stellar-merging process, the ejection momentum that were applied on each metallic karyosphere are different.

The should be mainly two reasons for the four inner four terrestrial planets to generally have less mass than the four outer Jovian planets: 1), the ejection force acting on the mass-matured metallic karyosphere of Jovian sizes are much bigger. 2), the four inner terrestrial planets had generally experienced a more mass-loss because of the mechanism of non-equivalent inter-solar-planetary mass-energy exchange. In this physical scenario, the process of planetary orbital decay and the process of planetary mass-decreasing are totally synchronized physical process of planetary evolution.

(1) Explanation for why the moon’s near side (the moon’s earth-facing side) is always faces the Earth permanently at all time?

As explained above, because the rotational axes of the Earth and its big moon are always perpendicular to each other, therefore, the moon’s near side (the earth-facing side) faces the Earth permanently at all time while the moon’s far side (moon’s back side) cannot be directly seen from the earth-based observer. This is what I believed the only correct physical explanation for why the Earth-based observer cannot directly see the moon’s far side. The classical explanation for this phenomenon occuring the earth-moon system matter is synchronous rotation— which is fundamentally incorrect. As opposed to the classical explanation of the synchronous rotation, we believe that the correct mechanism for explaining the phenomenon that the Moon’s near side faces the Earth at all time (the Earth-based observer cannot directly see the Moon’s far side) is orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting-and-entangling of the Earth’s magnetic field lines and the Moon’s magnetic field lines, which manifests as a stable three-dimensional spatial relationship in which the Earth’s rotational axis and the Moon’s rotational axis are always perpendicular to each other. Because the rule of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting-and-entangling of magnetic fields lines of two bodies is universal, therefore, this rule applies to every binary system in both micro-particle and macro-celestial worlds. This is the reason why we see in every binary system, either a micro-particle binary system such as a positron-electron-paired micro-binary system, or a macro-celestial binary system, such as a binary-star system, or the Milky Way-Andromeda coupled binary-galaxy system, the rotational axes of the two component bodies are always perpendicular to each other. In the case of Milky Way-Andromeda Binary galaxy system, the Andromeda galaxy is observed to be a spindle-like shape is because that the rotational axis of the Andromeda galaxy is perpendicular to that of the Milky Way Galaxy.

Ultimately, the mechanism by which the Earth-Moon system is formed is orthogonally gravito-electromagnetic capture of the two sequentially ejected two massively matured metallic karyospheres that were sequentially ejected out by the same female-mother-natured component star of the solar system’s parent binary-star system that gave the new life of the current evolving solar system via the mechanism of stellar-merger. And the Earth-Moon system is just one of the many daughter products produced by the same stellar-merger event, and the solar system as a whole is the biggest daughter product produced by the stellar-merger event. This means that the life-relaying processes of a parent binary-star system evolving into a daughter planet-bearing single star system is orderly managed.

The process of the formation of the Earth-Moon system is just a normally occurred harmonious process since the universe is orderly managed holistic system. No such thing as violent giant impact between two fully-fledged protoplanets, nothing is violent, nothing is chaotic, but everything is harmoniously processed and orderly managed. The human subjectively-viewed violent processes proceeded during the life-relaying processes in which a parent binary-star system ended its life by merging into a daughter-generation single star system by which the daughter Sun and the daughter planets are formed are totally harmonious processes which resemble the harmonious life-relaying processes occurring in the world of the advanced terrestrial lives. In this sense, the ejection of a plant seed and the ejection of a massively matured embryonic metallic karyosphere are essentially the same type of the harmonious process occurring in the life-relaying cycles of different worlds and the two types of life-relaying cycles share a common law of double-sourced matter-gene inheritance.

Based on the idea that the rotational axis of the Earth and the rotational axis of the Moon are perpendicular to each other, which is considered to be the physical consequence of the rule of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting of the magnetic fields lines of two electromagnetically bonding bodies, I have further confirmed the rotational direction of the Earth’s moon through a carefully time-dependent dynamical observations to the moon’s near side and the image analysis to the astronomic photos of showing the moon’s back side, I concluded that if an Earth-based observer views the moon’s near side from the perspective of the Earth for a consecutive 5-10 hours, he or she will find that the moon rotational direction is clockwise. On the contrary, while a satellite-based observer views the moon’s far side (back side) from the perspective of a satellite, he or she will find the moon’s rotational directional is counter-clockwise. This cross-proved by the NASA-released astronomical photos that reflect the topological structure of the moon’s back side, people can easily find that there is a propeller-like mark made by many overlapping asteroid impact craters (resembles the four spiral arms of the Milky Way galaxy) that clearly show that, if an artificial satellite-based observer views the moon’s back side from the perspective of the satellite, the moon’s rotational direction is surely counterclockwise.

(2) Several characteristics and physical properties of the early earth-moon system

The early Earth-Moon system is very different from the current Earth-Moon system in several physical parameters and characteristics as described as follows:

(A), the mass density of the early Earth and the early Moon are much higher than the current Earth and current moon because all the metallic karyospheres are composed mainly of uranium and transuranium elements (by mass) when they were ejected out by their mother star and their crusts are covered by a thin layer of iron-family elements. There is no atmosphere cover the early Earth and early Moon because all the gaseous elements occurring on today’s Earth are originally transmuted from the transuranium elements through various known modes and yet-known modes of radioactive and non-radioactive decay. The potential law that the dictates the process of the planet-based elemental transmutation is a mass-decaying-trended law or the law of uranium-to-hydrogen trended elemental transmutation (for detailed explanation please read the contents of chapter 3). In other words, the oxygen, hydrogen, helium, carbon, etc. are essentially the results of the law of planet-based mass-decaying trended elemental transmutation. In short, the early Earth and the early are much more heavier and denser than the current-evolving Earth and the current-evolving moon.

(B)The distance between the early Earth and early moon is much shorter than the today’s distance between the Earth and the moon, the spatial relationship between the early Earth and early moon may be zeros meter—a kind of rigid body-touching status with their rotational axes being perpendicular to each other and the moon’s polar region may scratch on the Earth’s solid body which may have produced multiple parallel lines of scratches that are parallel to the Earth’s equatorial line. As the Earth and the Moon’ are both undergoing an unstoppable process of mass decay and magnetic field decay, their bodies become lighter and lighter and their magnetic field strength become weaker and weaker, therefore, the gravito-electromagnetic bonding force acting between the Earth and the moon become weaker and weaker, which manifests as the lunar recession phenomenon. As the body masses of the current Earth and current moon will continuously decay, the gravito-electromagnetic bonding force acting between the Earth and moon will become increasingly weaker and weaker until one day in the future the Earth’s moon will escape the Earth’s gravito-electromagnetic bonding force to become an independent dwarf planet orbiting the Sun in an orbit lies between the Mars and the Jupiter to become a member of main asteroid belt, which means the future Earth will has no natural satellite orbiting about it as the Earth’s mass and its magnetic field decaying to such a level that causes the future Earth to have no ability to generate a gravito-elelctromagnetic bonding force to capture a big moon. The future Earth will become a non-satellite-bearing planet just the current Venus and Mercury, with its orbital radius being gradually decaying to the orbit of the current Venus and then to the orbit of the current Mercury, and ultimately to the Sun’s atmosphere where the future aged life-ending Earth will be thermal-magnetically ripped into pieces of various sizes and irregular shapes to become many asteroids.

(C) The rotational velocity of the Earth and of the moon will continuously slow down as their orbital radii (their averaged distance from the Sun) are shortening at an accelerating orbital decay rate. And the future Earth-Moon system will inevitably collapse when the grvito-electromagnetic bonding force acting between the Earth and moon become increasingly weaker and weaker to such a weak strength that the moon will escape the Earth’s gravito-electromagnetic bonding force to become a dwarf planet move into the asteroid belt as the consequence of the suggested law of planetary mass-energy decay. The reason why the process of planetary evolution is dictated by the law of planetary mass-energy decay is because that the suggested fundamental mechanism of non-equivalent matter-energy exchange between the Sun and the planets is a central physical mechanism that is operated in between any two electromagnetically bonding objects which works in both micro-particle world and macro-celestial world.

(3) Explanation of the lunar recession phenomenon

As explained above, when the Earth-moon system was initially formed via the stellar-merger-resulted mechanism of gravito-electromagnetic capture, the initial distance between the young Earth and the young moon is extremely narrow because both the young Earth and young moon the initially strong were born with their intrinsic strong magnetic fields by which an extremely strong gravito-electromagnetic interaction could be generated via the mechanism of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting and entangling of their magnetic fields lines. So, it is possible for the young Earth and the young big moon to form a rigid body-body touching and scratching geometric spatial relationship in the early history of the Earth-moon system. And later, due to the mechanism of non-equivalent matter-energy exchange between planets and the Sun, the masses and the magnetic fields strength of both the Earth and its big moon are undergoing an unstoppable decaying process which causes the gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the Earth and its moon to become increasingly weaker and weaker, which is the real physical cause leads to the lunar-recession phenomenon.

 (4)  Explanation for why there are more craters on the far side of the moon than on the near side of the moon?

The reason why the moon’s far side has greater numbers of craters than on its near side is that the rotational axis of the moon is perpendicular to that of the Earth, therefore, there is a polar gravito-magnetic vortex formed on the moon’s polar region. Similarly, there are also two polar gravito-magnetic vortices formed on the earth’s two polar regions, when the asteroids moving towards the earth’s polar region, most of them will be pushed away from the earth’s upper-polar region all the way to the moon’s back side due to the combination effects of the out-streaming solar wind and the earth’s gravitational slingshot effect, and these asteroids that are carried to the moon’s back side will be pulled back to impact on the moon’s far side due to the combined effects of the moon’s polar magnetic vortex-pulling effect generated on the moon’s north polar region and the earth’s magnetic field lines reconnection. Because the moon’s rotational axis is perpendicular to that of the earth, therefore, the streams of asteroids impacted on the moon’s back side will create the whirlpool-like images than can be observed on the NASA-published photos of the far side of the moon.  

2.2.5 The formation of the asteroids and comets and their similarity in chemical composition

According to the solar nebular theory, planets, asteroids and comets formed at the same time and by the same mechanism—accretion of building materials from the same protoplanetary disc. In other words, the asteroids and comets are thought to be the remnants of the planet-building process. Based on this idea, the mainstream scientists use the method of radioisotope dating of the sample material of asteroids to estimate the age of the solar system and conclude that age of the solar system is about 4.6 billion years or so. As opposed to this view, the theory of star-planet coevolution holds that the mechanism by which the asteroids and comets are formed is thermal-magnetic ripping, which views the asteroids and comets as the debris of the remains of a life-ending planet that died before Mercury, rather than the precursors of the protoplanets. In this physical scenario, when an aged planet evolved into its life-ending stage (just like the current planet Mercury that is essentially a naked metal core of dying planet), because the process of planetary evolution is supposed to be governed by the suggested law of synchronous decay of the mass-energy of a planet, therefore, a variety of physical parameters of an evolving solar system planet, such as the rest mass, magnetic field strength, rotational velocity, and orbital radius, undergo an irreversible process of synchronous decay. When the orbital radius of a life-ending planet decays to the Sun's upper atmosphere - a critical distance at which the mechanism of solar thermal-magnetic ripping kicks in. In this physical scenario, the Sun's atmospheric high temperature of about million-degree Celsius is hot enough to melt a rocky planet into a liquid plasma fluid, and the sun's powerful magnetic field will tear the melting planet apart into a large number of irregular fragments. When two chunks of half-molten fragments collide with each other, they will be bonded together to form a snowman like or a peanut like asteroids, like the asteroid Arrokoth.

Under the combined actions of the out-push force generated by of the out-streaming solar wind and the convection of the putative radial magnetohydrodynamic whirlpool-like vortices that are suggested to exist in interplanetary space. The fragments of the remains of the dead planets are transported to different planetary orbits to become different types of asteroids and comets. Most of the debris was captured by Jupiter's gravity, forming the asteroid's main belt. The remaining debris was transported to the Kuiper Belt to become the comets. Based on this asteroid-and comet-forming scenario, the author concluded that the age of the solar system should be the total time equals to the average lifespan of the solar system’s planets which is about 10 billion years. Let’s say, there is at least one dead planet that had experienced the process of the solar thermal-magnetic ripping, therefore, the age of the solar system should be at least 10 billion years, rather than 4.6 billion years. Metaphorically, the main-belt of asteroids lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter should be viewed as the “public comic cemetery of the solar system“, where the debris of the remains of the once dead planets that were fragmented by the suggested mechanism of solar thermal-magnetic ripping are buried. Logically, the mechanism of solar thermal-magnetic ripping, which is proposed to explain the formation of asteroids and comets is consistent with the suggested law of planetary evolution.

It must be specially emphasized that the mechanism of dwarf planet formation is exactly the same as that of the main planets, but the dwarf planets can be understood to be the "premature infant planet" of the mass-immature type.

The similar chemical compositions of asteroids and comets

Because the asteroids and comets originated by the same mechanism of solar thermal-magnetic ripping and have the same planetary source of make-up material, therefore, the basic chemical compositions of both are essentially the same, modern observational and comet-sampling experiments show that all kinds of comets are made of the similar rocky materials, nothing special. The water molecules contained in the comet tails is the same kind of mineral water contained in all kinds of rocky asteroids. So, there is no such thing as a chemical difference between icy comets and rocky comets. All kinds of asteroids and comets are chemically similar because of their same formation mechanism and same material source—the fragments of the remains of the same dead planet that were produced by the same physical astrophysical mechanism of solar thermal-magnetically ripping.

2.2.6 The mechanism of even distribution of the comet-like rocky objects

As above-explained, when the dead planet will be ripped up into a large number of irregular fragments that will be evenly distributed into a belt-like asteroids belt lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter as well as the comet belt lies in Kuiper belt., the mechanism of which is called even-mass distribution of planetary fragments.

2.2.7 The formation of sun-core-oriented radial magnetohydrodynamic whirlpool-like vortices (which pull the comets down to the sun)

The combination mechanisms of the intercutting and entangling of the magnetic fields’ lines between the solar magnetic field and the planetary magnetic fields and the interplanetary orbital interactions will produce many invisible sun-oriented radial magnetohydrodynamic whirlpool-like short-lived vortices that are created periodically to have a short life which serves as a periodically whirlpool-dragging force that pull the comets down to the sun, creating the periodical comets. This means that the traditional calculated orbits to explain the occurrence of the events of the long-period comets is totally wrong.

2.2.8 The 77-year periodically “coming-back event”of Halley's comet cannot be the same object but the different comet-like objects

The combination effects produced by the mechanism of even-fragment distribution and the drag mechanism of the sun-oriented radial magnetohydrodynamical whirlpool-like vortices will create the periodical comets. This comet-forming scenario implies that the Halley's comet cannot be the same object that repeatedly graze the sun again and again in several centuries. Instead, the author propose that for every event of the “coming back” Halley’s comet, they are actually different comet-like objects with different shapes and different masses but the similar chemical composition. This view can be easily tested by close-up observations of several times to see the difference in shapes and colors, etc. the author believes that for every time of the coming-back event of Harlley’s comet, the object of Harlley’s comet will be totally evaporated into a cloud of gases and dusts and cannot survive the fiction-burn of solar winds. The reason for Harlley’s comet to come-back repeatedly at a regular periodical frequency is that the periodically formation of the sun-oriented radial magnetohydrodynamical whirlpool-like vortices as the result of the interplanetary orbital interactions between the Saturn and Jupiter as well as the orbital interaction between Uranus and Neptune. The maximum inter-Uranus-Neptune orbital l resonance is about 80 years, therefore, the short-lived radial magnetohydrodynamical whirlpool-like vortices is created for every 80-yr cycle which pulls the comet of the Harlley’s comet-size towards the Sun, creating the “Harlley’s comet coming-back event”.

2.3 The suggested laws, principles and mechanisms involved in the process of the evolution of the solar system

The following suggested laws, principles and mechanisms can be used not only to describe and explain the evolution of the solar system, but also to explain all physical phenomena occurring in the solar system without the need to add extra assumptions. In order to achieve the highest level of simplicity, self-consistency and falsifiability of the theory, in Chapter 3, the author will apply the physical laws, principles and mechanisms proposed in Chapter 2 to explain all macroscopic and microscopic physical phenomena without adding extra assumptions.

2.3.1 The four suggested laws governing the process of sun-planet co-evolution

On the basis of discovering the central physical mechanism of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between the sun and planets, the author has also discovered four fundamental physical laws of governing the evolution process of the solar system. The author found that the physical process of the evolution of the solar system can be explicitly explained at a high-degree of self-consistence by using the four fundamental laws of star-planet coevolution and several other principles and mechanisms described in section 3 of chapter 2. More surprisingly, the author can explain all physical phenomena occurring in the solar system, especially those phenomena that occur in the sun-earth systems without the need of adding extra assumptions (please read the relevant content in Chapter 3). 

The four suggested laws of star-planet coevolution

（1）The first suggested law of star-planet coevolution states that:

“For any planet-bearing single star system, the central star and its orbiting planets are gravito-electromagnetically bonded together to form a holistic coevolution system in which the central star and its surrounding planet(s) must coevolve via the physical mechanism of bilateral and nonequivalent matter-energy exchange, the process of the change of the total amount of mass-energy of the star is synchronized with the process of the change of the total amount mass-energy of the surrounding planets, but the changing trend is opposite.”

This law codifies the idea that the Sun and planets are electromagnetically bonded together to have formed a holistic coevolution system in which the physical relationship between the Sun and planets is a nonequivalent matter-energy exchange relationship. Therefore, some of the fundamental physical parameters of the Sun and the planets must change synchronously with opposite trend. 

However, this law does not help us to distinguish between the sun and planets who is the mass-energy gainer and who is the mass-energy loser. Therefore, we need to suggest the second law of star-planet coevolution to help us identify the mass-energy gainer and the mass-energy loser between the sun and planets. 

(2) The second suggested law of star-planet coevolution states that:

“In any given interval of time, the total amount of mass-energy that a planet transferred into the Sun’s core is always greater than that of the mass-energy that the Sun transferred to the planet. The amount of the mass gained by the Sun is approximately equal to the total mass lost by all planets in the solar system.”

The second suggested law of star-planetary coevolution determines that the Sun is the mass-gainer while all the system’s planets are the mass-losers. Since the mass-increasing process of the sun and the mass-decreasing process of the planets are the two synchronized irreversible processes with opposite mass-changing trend. The inferred result of this law is that the evolution process of the solar system, or the process of the co-evolution of the sun and planets, is essentially an irreversible process by which the masses and energies of the system’s planets will be completely transferred into the sun’s core, where in the masses of the current-evolving planets (or mass-losing planets) will be converted into the body-mass of the sun-core-gestated mass-evolving embryonic metallic karyospheres—the metallic planetary embryos of next-generation planets. The detailed explanation about the mechanisms involved in this physical process will be followed in section-3. 

(3) The third suggested law of star-planetary coevolution states that:

“In a given time interval, the greater amount of the mass-energy the planet transfers to the Sun’s core, the greater amount of the mass-energy the Sun returns to the planet, and vice versa”. 

Equivalently, the third law of star-planet coevolution holds that the process of the nonequivalent mass-energy exchange between the Sun and planets follows a rule of positive feedback. Thus, the third suggested law is also called the law of inter-solar-planetary positive feedback.

The third law of star-planet coevolution is of great importance in explaining the physical mechanism of sunspot formation and the heliophysical-geophysical correlated phenomena that is associated with the sunspot cycle.

(4) The fourth suggested law of star-planetary coevolution states that:

“The transmutation process of atomic and subatomic particles occurring on planetary bodies follows a heavy-to-light trend while the transmutation process of atomic and subatomic particles occurring in the Sun’s core follows a light-to-heavy trend.”

The fourth suggested law of star-planet coevolution implies an existence of the fundamental principle of the synchronization of the macroscopic process of the star-planet coevolution and the microscopic process of the particle transmutation of the constituent particles (atomic and subatomic) of the corresponding celestial bodies. In this physical scenario, the macroscopic mass-decreasing-trended evolution process of a planet is synchronized with the microscopic mass-decaying-trended (heavy-to-light trend) transmutation of the planet’s constituent particles. For example, the mass-decreasing-trended macroscopic evolutionary process of the earth is synchronized with the mass-decaying-trended microscopic process of the earth’s constituent particles (atomic and subatomic) and vice versa. The mass-increasing-trended macroscopic evolutionary process of the sun is synchronized with the mass-increasing-trended microscopic process of the elemental synthesis in the core of sun. And this law also suggest an existence of a physical mechanism of mutual promotion of each other’s microscopic process of the particle transmutation between the sun and planets. In this physical scenario, the solar photothermal-expansion-evaporation energy promotes the earth-based mass-decaying-trended microscopic process of elemental transmutation (which manifests as the uranium-hydrogen decaying chain) while the earth’s darkcold-contraction-condensation energy promotes the sun-core-based mass-increasing-trended microscopic process of elemental synthesis. If this mechanism is proved correct, then the Higgs mechanism，which is thought to have explained the mechanism of mass-gaining, is naturally falsified. This is because the mechanism for a particle to gain mass is operated in star core by the mechanism of stellar-planetary double-sourced particle-jets colliding under the confinement of stellar magnetic field, rather than Higgs particle or Higgs mechanism.

By using the third and fourth suggested laws of star-planet coevolution, the author can successfully explain the mechanism of sunspot formation and the mechanism of sunspot cycle formation (for detailed explanation, please read the relevant content in chapter 3).

2.3.2 A new solar physics to explain the mechanism of the energy production and element synthesis of the sun

According to the modern solar nebula theory, the mechanism by which the sun produces its’ energy is hydrogen-fueled nuclear fusion reaction, in this physical scenario, the Sun would have stored a huge amount of hydrogen inventory in its interior since its initial formation. But there have been increasing observational evidence showed that the sun does not have such a huge hydrogen inventor or there is essentially no hydrogen atom stored in the sun’s core. Another extremely absurd viewpoint of the classical solar physics is that the Sun produces its energy by burning its own hydrogen without the need of absorbing any form of mass-energy from the its planets. In other words, the Sun can operate its own energy production mechanism independently by itself, without the participation of the planets. Therefore, solar activity is a physical activity that is performed independently by the sun itself. Thus, nebular theory-based traditional solar physics showed us an absurd non-coevolution picture of the solar system in which the Sun evolves independently by itself while the planets also evolve independently by themselves. So, the mainstream astrophysicists derived a wrong conclusion about the ultimate fate of the solar system, that is, after the end of the Sun's life, the four outer gas and ice giant planets still exist as a group wandering planets moving in a dark sky and their body mass remains conserved. So, the nebular theory-based solar physics expressed a series of wrong worldview.

As opposed to the current prevailing theory, one of the core ideas of the theory of star-planet coevolution is that all kinds of physical mechanisms proposed to explain the physical phenomena occurring in the solar system, or the underlying mechanism governing the solar activity and planetary activity, must be based on two basic guiding-principles:

(1)The first guiding-principle states that all physical phenomena occurring in the solar system must be understood as the results of the solar-planetary gravito-electromagnetic interaction based on a underlying physical mechanism of nonequivalent mass-energy exchange.

(2)The second guiding-principle states that all kinds of physical mechanisms operating in the solar system, either operating on planets or operating in the interior sun (including the sun’s core), they must be understood as the physical mechanisms that are co-created and co-operated by both the sun and planets. In other words, any underlying physical mechanism that generates the solar activity is not the physical mechanism that is created and operated independently by the sun itself, rather, every physical mechanism causing the solar activity must be understood as the sun-planet co-created and co-operated mechanism and vice versa, any physical mechanism that causes a planetary activity must also be understood as a coevolutionistic physical mechanism that is co-created and co-operated by both the sun and planet.

Philosophically, the current-accepted mechanism of the sun-core-operated hydrogen-fueled nuclear fusion reaction can be understood as a non-coevolutionistic physical mechanism by which the sun could synthesize elements while producing its energy independently by itself without the need of planetary-sourced mass-energy. So, this kind of non-coevolutionistic mechanism is fundamentally incorrect simply because it expresses a wrong worldview. On the contrary, the theory of star-planet coevolution holds that the mechanism by which the solar energy is generated is the mechanism of the solar magnetic field-confined but the solar-planetary dual-magnetic-fields co-energized and the solar-planetary double-sourced electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying particle-jets colliding in the interior sun (SMFC-SPDMFs-CE-SPDSPEWEJs-CD). In this physical scenario, SSPR-dynamo mechanism will create the planet-ejected sunward-streaming lance-shaped electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying particle jets that can be injected into the interior sun from all directions to participate the sun-core-based particle-jet colliding process by which various heavy metal elements, including some super-superheavy radioactive elements heavier-than-uranium, can be plausibly synthesized in the core while solar energy can also be generated. There increasing evidence show that the sun does not have an imaginable “huge hydrogen inventory” that is supposedly pre-stored in its core and the sun’s core should be composed mainly of superheavy metal elements making-up the sun-core-gestated mass-growing embryonic metallic karyospheres and the sun’s photosphere is composed mainly of the middle-mass metal elements that exist in the form plasma. The protons and alpha particles carried by the solar winds are the results of double-sourced particle-jets colliding. The earth-ward-streaming solar protons may originally be the hot neutrons that are ejected from the superheavy nuclei being synthesized in the interior sun that had experienced a process of short-beta-decay to transmute into solar protons (detailed explanation will be followed).  

2.3.3 The new solar model and the basic elemental composition of the sun

As is described above, the mechanism by which solar energy is produced is the solar-planetary dual magnetic fields co-energized solar-planetary double-sourced particle-jets colliding in the interior sun under the confinement of the solar magnetic field. The new coevolution-based physical mechanism of the solar energy production has clarified a basic idea that the mechanism of the solar energy production and the sun-core-based heavy elements synthesis is the mechanism that is co-created and co-operated by both the sun and planets. The solar-planetary double-sourced particle jets colliding in the interior sun would enable the sun to directly synthesize energetic neutrons and protons and also enable the sun to directly synthesize various heavy and superheavy metal elements in its core. And all these freshly synthesized atoms of heavy metal elements will be immediately coated layer-by-layer onto the surfaces of the sun-core-gestated fast-spinning and mass-growing embryonic metallic karyospheres (the planetary embryos of next-generation planets) through the mechanism of even-electromagnetic-particle-coating or simply called the even-mass-coating mechanism—which is the most plausible mechanism to explain why-and-how planets are shaped spherical. Thus the basic picture of the chemical composition of the sun-core-gestated metallic karyospheres is that the core of the metallic karyospheres should be composed of mainly ultra-heavy mega nuclei elements (UHMC) ––the neutron-and proton-number of the UHMC-type atoms must reaches up to millions—which means that the core of these super-heavy metallic karyospheres are much like a neutron star (or the Sun’s core is like a neutron star). The shell of the sun-core-gestated metallic karyosphere should be composed of mainly the trasnuranium elements and the top of the shell should be composed mainly of the copper-nickel-iron alloy materials. This means that, in order for the sun-core-gestated mass-growing metallic metallic karyospheres to exist in a rigid form, the temperature of the solar core, or more precisely, the ambient temperature around the embryonic metallic karyospheres, should not exceed 1500 degrees Celsius. So the author suggests that, due to the existence of a magnetic refrigeration mechanism operating inside the Sun, even though the transient high temperature at every particle-colliding point can reach hundreds of millions of degrees, it will rapidly cool down to below 1000 degrees Celsius. The recent observational evidence provided by Michael Mozina showed that the surface of the sun is composed mainly of metallic elements like iron, silicon, calcium, neon, oxygen, etc. while the photosphere is composed mainly of neon plasma, and Michael Mozina further suggests that there exists a rigid iron shell below the inner layer of the photosphere.［1］Theoretically, in order for the suggested rigid iron shell to exist below the photosphere, the ambient temperature below photosphere should not exceed 1500 degrees Celsius. Based on the theoretical inference and the modern observations, the author proposed that there should be a large area of a darkcold region existing under the inner layers of the photosphere that is created by the suggested magneto-refrigeration mechanism which is essentially co-created by both the solar and planetary magnetic fields (the solar-planetary dual-magnetic-fields co-energizing mechanism). So, the average temperature of the interior sun should be like 200 ﹣℃ ( 200-degree below zero), instead of millions of degree above zero. Plus, the space of the interior sun is large enough to allow the transient heat created in its core to be cooled down to 200 ﹣℃, and logically, the cold ambient space existing in the inner layers of the photosphere is good for heavy metal elements to be synthesized. Evidentially, the reason why the umbra of the sunspot is generally 1500 ℃ cooler than the surrounding surface area of the sun’s photospehere is because of the cold gas coming out from the dark-cold world existing in the inner layer of sun’s photosphere created by the dual-magnetic-fields-refrigeration mechanism. The new picture of the solar model is very different from the classical model. It is a common sense, the “hypothetical huge pile-up of a heavily condensed plasma of hydrogen and helium” is impossible to generate a great gravitational force in the sun’s core to hold the photosphere shell and the surrounding planets.  The simplified solar model: (1) the sun’s core is made of a clutch of mass-growing ultra-heavy metallic karyospheres with their ambient temperature being 200 ﹣℃ which exists as a dark-cold region, and (2) the region between the core and the iron layer is filled with the solar-planetary double-sourced bidirectional-streaming high-flux density particle-jets that are always in a mutually colliding and fusion status, and (3) A dark-cold region existing beneath the photosphere which is created by the sun-planet co-created mechanism of dual-magnetic-fields-caused refrigeration—which means the temperature of the region lies beneath the photosphere can be very counter-intuitively dark-cold with its temperature reaches up to 200－℃ which is a very counter-intuitive physical picture. But this counter-intuitive picture is good for the sun to synthesize various heavy and super-heavy metal elements in its core and is also good for the sun to gravito-electromagnetically hold its plasma shell tightly from being explosively casting off. Above the surface of the photosphere, there is a sun-planet double-magnetic fields co-energized electric arc-heating belt which generate enough heat to turn metallic elemental atoms into plasma state. And at the sun’s atmosphere, the is also an sun-planet double-magnetic fields co-energized electromagnetic wave-heating zone where the temperature can reach up to million℃. However, in the traditional gas model, apparently, a condensed hydrogen-dominated light core cannot generate a strong enough gravity for sun to attract the planets and it cannot generate a strong enough solar magnetic field to produce solar flares or solar wind. Only a clutch of the sun-core-gestated ultra-heavy mass-growing embryonic metallic karyospheres plus a dark-cold inner-photosphere belt could gravitationally hold the sun from exploding off into a collapsing could of plasma.

2.3.4. The new planetary model and the basic elemental composition of the earth

To better understand how the mechanism of uranium→hydrogen decay chain works on the earth, the author has introduced a new earth model, which is also thought to be the standard planetary model. This new planetary model holds that the basic chemical structure of all planets should be the same as is described in a standard uniformed chemical-structuring model: (1) the core of all planets should contain a super-condensed metallic core that is composed of mainly the unknown ultra-heavy mega nuclei elements (UMCEs). The total nucleon number (the total number of neutrons and protons) or the atomic mass number of such hypothetical UMCEs must reach up to millions and even billions. And the dominant decay mode of the planetary core-consisting UMCEs must be neutron scattering. (2) The lower and upper mantles of a planet must be composed of mainly a unknown super-superheavy mega nuclei elements (SMNEs) the averaged total nucleon number or atomic mass number of the SMNEs must reach up to tens of hundreds or thousands which is far heavier than the heaviest known artificial elements created by man in different particle colliders. And the dominant decay mode of SMNEs must be cluster decay. In this physical scenario, the uranium-238 found in earth’s crust should be viewed as the biggest cluster or atomic fragment of the mantle-making SMNEs through the mechanism of many-cluster decay. (3) The crust of all planets is composed of known elements presented in our chemical periodic table that are essentially the decay products of the mantle-making super-superheavy elements. The atmosphere of all planets is composed of gaseous elements that are essentially the decay products of the less-heavy metallic elements of the various curst-making elements. (4) The Van Allen Radiation Belt of all planets is composed mainly of the planetary-origin protons and planetary-origin electrons that make up the lower belt of Van Allen Radiation Belt, and the solar-sourced protons and solar-sourced alpha particles that make up the upper belt of Van Allen Radiation Belt. Because the Van Allen Radiation Belt of every planet is essentially a giant naturally-created particle-antiparticle accelerator-convertor- collider complex system (Particle/Anti-Particle-ACCC), therefore, the Van Allen Radiation Belt of the earth is made of subatomic particles that are the decay products of the earth’s constituent atoms. Thus the new planetary model is basically divided into four basic layers (core, mantle, crust-and-atmosphere, and Van Allen Radiation belt-and-magnetosphere) in terms of the chemical and subatomic particle compositions.  

Based on the new standard planetary model, the author asserts that the traditional planetary model by which the eight known the solar system’s planets that are classified as four inner terrestrial rocky planets and the outer four gas-and- ice giant planets are completely wrong in terms of the planetary formation mechanism and the general planetary chemical composition. Here the uranium→hydrogen decay chain and the cascade proton→meson→muon→electron/positron pair→photon pair decay chain are described respectively in the following section.

2.3.5 The two planet-based mass-decaying-trended atomic and subatomic particle transmutation mechanisms: (1) the uranium→hydrogen decay chain and (2) the proton→meson→muon→electron/positron pair cascade decay chain

The mechanism of the bilateral and nonequivalent mass-energy exchange between the sun and planets does not mean that a planet can directly eject its constituent atoms to the sun,  rather, every constituent atom of a planet must be fragmented into subatomic particles of lepton-mass within the planet’s Van Allen Radiation Belt and then, the mass of the fragmented atoms will be carried by the planet-ejected sunward-streaming electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying lepton-jet being injected into the sun’s core. Thus, for every evolving planet, there are basically two mechanisms operated on the two mass-decaying-trended particle-transmutation chains. To test the existence of the two planet-based mass-decaying-trended particle transmutation chains and  achieve a better understanding of how the two mass-decaying-trended  particle transmutation chains work, we must describe the two mechanisms within the sun-earth system: (1) The mechanism of uranium→hydrogen decay chain which operates in the region starting from the earth’s core to its hydrogen shell that lies in the earth’s upper atmosphere, which is essentially a planet-based quantum-evaporation mechanism operating the atomic level. After hydrogen, the earth-based mass-decaying-trended process of particle transmutation will transition from the atomic level into the subatomic level, which is called the subatomic mechanism of the proton→meson→muon→electron/positron pair decay chain which operates in the region starting from the earth’s protonosphere (which lies above hydrogen shell) to its Van Allen Radiation Belt (ending at the upper belt). So, the mechanism (2) is a subatomic mechanism of the earth-operated proton-photon-decaying chain—which is the proton→meson→muon→electron/positron pair-photon pair chain, the space for the subatomic mechanism to operate the region starting from the earth’s protonosphere (above the earth’s hydrogen shell) to the upper belt of its Van Allen Radiation Belt.

Based on the new standard planetary model, the author asserts that the traditional planetary model by which the eight known the solar system’s planets that are classified as four inner terrestrial rocky planets and the outer four gas-and- ice giant planets are completely wrong in terms of the planetary formation mechanism and the general planetary chemical composition. Here the uranium→hydrogen decay chain and the cascade proton→meson→muon→electron/positron pair→photon pair decay chain are described respectively as the following:

(1) The mechanism of uranium→hydrogen decay chain, as opposed to the prevailing theory of radioactive decay which holds that uranium-238 decays only to stable lead-206, while all other elements lighter than lead-206 (except for 43-technetium) are stable and they are not thought to decay any further, the star-planet theory however holds that uranium-238 will definitely decay all the way into hydrogen (H-1). In space-wise, the uranium→hydrogen decay chain starting from the Earth's core to the hydrogen shell of the Earth's atmosphere. In this uranium→hydrogen decaying scenario, an atom of uranium-238 will decay ultimately into a large number of the lightest atom of hydrogen-1 (protium) through various known and unknown radioactive and non-radioactive modes. This irreversible mass-decaying trended process of uranium→hydrogen decay chain can be generally classified as two basic paths: (a) the short-cut one-step rapid path and (b) the long-term many-step gradual path.

(a)the short-cut one-step rapid path: In the short-cut radioactive decay scenario, a neutron emitted from the nuclei of uranium atoms by the single-neutron-emission mode or the multi-neutron-emission mode in the form of asymmetrical nuclear fission will decay into a proton through beta-minus decay in about 15 minutes and the free proton will immediately capture a free electron to itself into a weakly-charged hydrogen atom. And two weakly-charged hydrogen atoms will combined to form a neutral biatomic hydrogen molecule or the hydrogen atom will be bonded with other species of elemental atoms, like carbon and oxygen, to form various hydrocarbons and carbohydrates. But ultimately, all the earth’s constituent hydrogen atoms, if not being destroyed by cosmic-ray striking, will move up into the earth’s hydrogen shell in the upper atmosphere. And all hydrogen atoms in the hydrogen shell will all be disintegrated into protons and electrons and the protons will continuously move up into the earth’s protonosphere which is merged with the lower region of the earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt.

(b) The long-term many-step gradual path: Theoretically, according to the fourth Law of star-planet coevolution, all elements heavier than hydrogen that make up a planet will decay into hydrogen (1H). For any of the constituent elements of a planet, whether radioactive or non-radioactive, a nucleus of any elemental atom that continuously emits electromagnetic waves to its surroundings means that the atom is in a continuous nuclear mass-energy-losing process. In this sense, the only difference between radioactive and non-radioactive elements is the rate of decrease in their mass-energy , the atoms of radioactive elements generally have a higher average nuclear mass-energy-losing rate while the atoms of non-radioactive elements generally have a lower average nuclear mass-energy-losing rate. Therefore, there is no such thing as a permanently stable element in the universe. The only difference between a radioactive decay process and a non-radioactive decay process is the time it takes for different elements to decay. Based on the law of planet-based mass-energy-decaying trended process of elemental transmutation, we get a general picture of the earth-based process of the mass-energy-decaying trended elemental transmutation in which, all elemental atoms of trasnuranium and uranium will firstly decay into various heavy metallic elements through various known and unknown radioactive or non-radioactive decay modes. And then, all kinds of heavy metallic elements will decay into light gaseous elements, and all light gaseous light elements will ultimately decay into hydrogen.

Among all modes of the mass-decaying-trended processes of elemental transmutation, one of the non-radioactive elemental decay model, called the bond-promoted beta-minus/plus-alternated decay mode, must be specially explained here because of the suggested principle of tunnel-bond duality and the two suggested laws of inter-atomic non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between any two electromagnetically-bonding atoms. The principle of tunnel-bond duality holds that all types of chemical bonds must act as an electromagnetic force-mediating bond-like structure by which an electromagnetic interaction force is mediated and a mass-energy exchanging tunnel (or channel) simultaneously. The bond-acting function enable an electromagnetic interaction force to be mediated between bonding atoms while the tunnel-acting function enable two bonding atoms to perform the bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchanging activity between the two nuclei. According to the first suggested law of non-equivalent interatomic mass-energy exchange, in any two-body molecular system, the elemental atom with higher electronegativity will absorb more amount of mass-energy from another elemental atom with lower electronegativity than that of the mass-energy it transferring into the nucleus of the atom with lower electronegativity, and vice versa. Take the iron oxide molecule as an example, the oxygen atom with a higher electronegativity will absorb more amount of mass-energy from the nucleus of its bonding iron atom who has a relatively lower electronegativity than that of the mass-energy the oxygen atom transferred into the nucleus of the iron atom, and vice versa. In this physical scenario, over a long period of time, the mass-energy-losing nuclei of the iron atoms in an iron oxide molecule will decrease in its nuclear binding energy, when such a nuclear-binding-losing process undergoes to a critical level, the nucleus of an iron atom will naturally experience a beta-minus/beta-plus-alternating cascade decaying chain (BM/BP-Alt-CDC) to turn itself into an stable isotope of manganese, similarly, the iron-transmuted manganese will gradually transmuting into chromium, then vanadium, and the titanium, through the BM/BP-Alt-CDC mechanism. This mechanism explains why in a metallic ore, a group of metallic atoms with sequentially close atomic numbers like to clump up together in a piece of mineral ore (for detailed explanation please read the content of the principle of tunnel-bond duality and the two laws of inter-atomic non-equivalent mass-energy exchange).

Above-described mechanisms and processes involving the earth-based mass-energy-decaying trended elemental transmutation suggests that ultimately, all the earth’s constituent heavy metallic elements will continuously decay into light gaseous elements like oxygen, nitrogen, and chlorine and so on, through various known and unknown modes of non-radioactive decay. Once solid elements transmuted into gaseous elements, the mass-decaying-trended elemental transmutation process will be accelerated by the solar-sourced cosmic-ray striking and the extra-solar sourced cosmic-ray striking mechanisms. For example, when a large amount of liquid water evaporates into the atmosphere under the solar irradiation heating mechanism to form a water molecular cloud, a large part of the water molecules will be dissociated into excited oxygen atoms and hydrogen atoms through photodissociation of solar ultraviolet rays, and the oxygen atoms will keep moving up into the Earth's oxygen shell in upper atmosphere while the hydrogen atoms will keep moving up into the hydrogen shell. This means that, once a water molecule is being photodissociated into excited oxygen atoms and hydrogen atoms, both the water-sourced oxygen and hydrogen atoms will have no chance of returning to Earth’s lower atmosphere or crust because the oxygen atoms will be further integrated into deuterium and tritium by the photodisintegration of the high-energy solar ultraviolet rays and rays, and all deuterium and tritium will be further fragmented into protium or hydrogen-1 atoms on their way of moving up into the earth’s hydrogen shell.  And ultimately, all hydrogen atoms in the hydrogen shell will be further disintegrated into terrestrial-protons (T-proton for short form) and terrestrial-electrons (T-electron for short form) because of their terrestrial-hydrogen (T-hydrogen for short form) origin, and both the T-protons and T-electrons will keep moving up into the earth’s protonosphere and earth’s electronosphere, both of which form the lower region of the Van Allen Radiation Belt. The modern experimental research on the composition of subatomic particles consisting the lower and upper parts of the earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt showed that the upper belt contains protons and alpha particles which suggest their solar origin. [5] By comparison, the lower belt contains almost no alpha particles but only protons and electrons which suggests that the protons that are confined in the lower region of the earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt should come from the terrestrial hydrogen atoms in hydrogen shell that are created by the mechanism of photodisintegration of the ultraviolet rays of extremely high-energy level. In this physical scenario, the hydrogen shell marks the end of the uranium→hydrogen decay chain, the uranium represent the starting element of the uranium→hydrogen decay chain, while hydrogen represent the terminal product produced on the uranium→hydrogen decay chain. After hydrogen, the earth-based mass-decaying-trended process particle transmutation transitions into the subatomic level, the process of which is called the cascade processes of the proton-meson-muon-electron/positron pair-photon pair decay chain which operates in the region starting from the lower region of the earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt to the upper region of the earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt.  

(2) the cascade processes of the proton→meson→muon→electron/positron pair→photon decay chain which operates in the region starting from the protonosphere to the upper region of the earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt: After hydrogen, the earth-based non-stoppable mass-energy-decaying trended process of particle transmutation will continuously transition to the subatomic level, which is the cascade processes of the proton→meson→muon→electron/positron pair→photon decay chain which operates within the earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt. To provide a detailed complete description of how protons decay into various mesons and leptons, it is necessary for the author to propose a new sun-earth co-created complicate mechanism of the solar-terrestrial double-sourced proton-antiproton converting-colliding-decaying. In this physical scenario, the terrestrial protons (T-proton) that are hosted in the lower belt of the earth’s Van Allen Radiation belt and the solar protons that are hosted in the upper belt will be mutually converted into each other’s anti-particle due to their different origin and different phase angle of spinning. From the point of relative view, the solar protons (S-proton) naturally become the anti-proton of the terrestrial proton and vice versa. When the T-proton and the S-proton approaching one another they will be electromagnetically bonded into a proton-antiproton pair with their spin axes being automatically adjusted to be the right axial-intersection angle (the spin axes of the proton and antiproton must be perpendicular to each other) in order to obey the macro-micro-unified law of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting-and-entangling of the magnetic fields lines of electromagnetically-bonding bodies. This means that the essential nature of electric charge is the referential magnetic field-determined moving direction and moving momentum of a moving body. In other words, a positive or negative electric charge of a particle is determined by the spirally-spinning angles of any two particles moving in a definable referential magnetic field. Here, the referential magnetic field that determines the spirally-spinning angles and the moving momenta of the T-proton and S-proton is the earth’s magnetic field. Therefore, when T-proton and S-proton are mutually converted into each other’s anti-proton and they will approach one another to become an electromagnetically-coupled proton-antiproton pair, which leads to the cascade processes of proton-antiproton colliding and mass-energy-decaying transmutation. In this physical scenario, the collision between T-proton and S-proton will result in a proton-antiproton annihilate into one pair of ±meson, and then one pair of ±meson decay into one pair of ±muon, and then , one pair of ±muon decay into an electron/positron pair, and then, an electron/positron pair annihilate into a pair of photon. This is the mechanism used by the author to have successfully explained the abnormally high electron/positron ratio measured by the AMS-02 in the region of the earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt (for detailed explanation please read the relative content in chapter 3).

Through the magnetic fields interaction between the solar magnetic field and the earth’s magnetic field, all the leptonic particles produced in the earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt by the mechanism of the proton/antiproton pair→±meson→±muon→electron/positron pair→photon pair decay chain will form the dominant leptonic particle composition carried by the earth-ejected sunward-streaming electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying particle-energy jet that will be injected into the sun’s core, wherein, the planet-ejected sunward-streaming electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying particle-energy jets ejected by different planets will participate in the sun-core-operated mechanism of the solar magnetic field-confined but the solar-planetary double-sourced particle-energy jets colliding, the mechanism of which enable the sun to directly synthesize various heavy metal elements in its core while generating the solar photothermal-expanding energy. This means that the sun-core-operated physical mechanism of elemental synthesis and energy production is essentially the sun-planet co-created and co-operated coevolutionistic physical mechanism. In other words, the solar activity is Not the physical activity that is performed independently the sun itself, and the same thing as the geophysical activity is Not the physical activity that is performed independently by the earth itself. Everything is co-created, co-operated and co-performed by both the sun and planets.

2.3.6 The essential nature of the duality, relativity, convertibility and the co-existence of electric charge

As above-explained, the physical property of electric charge of a moving body is determined by the referential magnetic field in which the body moves. For example, the property of the electric charge of a terrestrial-proton which is hosted in the lower belt of Van Allen Radiation Belt and its antiproton—the solar-sourced proton which is hosted in the upper belt of Van Allen Radiation belt is determined by the earth’s magnetic field. In the microscopic world, an electron ejected by an atom-A can be converted into a positron when entering the nuclear magnetic field of atom-B that is bonded with atom-A. So the electric charges of the electron-positron pair carried by the bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying particle streams that is flowing back-and-forth between nuclei of bonding atoms can be converted into each other constantly. This means that an electron of atom-A can be converted into a positron when such electron enters the nuclear magnetic field of atom-B. From the point of philosophical view, the relationship between the physical properties of electrically negative charge and positive charges is co-existence and synchronously created in coupling status. There is no such thing as an existence of purely negative electric charge or purely positive electric charge. So, to define a property of electric charge without considering a referential magnetic field is meaningless.

2.3.7 The continuously operating mechanisms of the sun-core-based elemental synthesis and energy production and the mass-evolution of the sun-core-gestated metallic planetary embryos of next-generation planet

The current prevailing theory holds that the mechanism by which the solar energy is generated and the solar core-based elemental synthesis is hydrogen-fueled nuclear fusion reaction. This means that the sun can produce its energy and synthesize ever-heavier elements independently by itself. The worldview expressed by this non-coevolution idea-based solar physics has been wrong from the beginning. The theory of star-planet coevolution however holds that the sun itself cannot independently generate energy, nor can it independently synthesize elements. On the contrary, the sun-core-operated physical mechanism of energy generation and element synthesis is essentially a sun-planet co-created and co-operated physical mechanism. And all kinds of solar activities are essentially the solar-planetary coevolution-based physical activities that are co-participated and co-performed by both the sun and its surrounding planets. This is a guiding principle the author suggested for formulating all kind of mechanism-based and essence-revealed explanation of all physical phenomena occurring in the solar system. By following this guiding principle, the author proposed that the mechanism by which the solar energy is produced and the solar-core-based elemental synthesis is achieved is the solar-planetary double magnetic fields co-energized and the solar-planetary double-sourced particle-jets colliding in the sun’s core under the confinement of the solar magnetic field (SPDMF-CE-SPDSPC-CSMF). In this physical scenario, the mechanism of the solar-planetary magnetic fields interaction would cause a lance-shaped planet-ejected sunward-streaming electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying particle-jet that is injected into the sun’s core to participate the SPDMF-CE-SPDSPC-CSMF mechanism,  which enable the sun to directly synthesize various heavy metal elements in its core by using subatomic particle-jet as the precursor raw materials, instead of using hydrogen because the sun does not has a huge hydrogen inventory as we thought before at all. When the jet-head of a planet-ejected sunward-streaming lepton-dominated particle-jet collides with the nuclei of the atoms on the surface of the sun, it will enable the sun to synthesize heavy metal elements like iron, neon, calcium, oxygen, etc. When the jet-head carrying the super-high energy level collide with the sun-core-confined high-energy particle-jet, it will enable the sun to directly synthesize the super-heavy elements like various transuraniumc elements, the mechanism of which can also enable the sun to synthesize the ultra-energetic neutrons and protons that are energetic enough to directly penetrate into the nuclei of the super-superheavy elements that constitute the super-condensed metal core of the sun-core-gestated mass-evolving planetary embryos of the next-generation planets by the mechanism of quantum-tunneling, which creates a large number of extremely-neutron-rich ultra-heavy mega nuclei elements in the core of the mass-evolving planetary embryos. This is the plausible mechanism for explaining how-and-why the nucleons (neutron and proton) and baryons and super-heavy elements can be synthesized in the star-core. This is also the plausible mechanism for explaining how-and-why every high-mass star and every massive planet with a strong magnetic field must have a neutron-core in its center. For this reason, the author asserts that the current mass-increasing sun already has a super-condensed and a highly radioactive neutron-core and the current-evolving planets with a strong magnetic field, like the planet-earth and the planet-Jupiter, must have a neutron core in its center. And the high-energy neutron ejected by the mode of neutron-scattering from the planetary core-making ultra-heavy mega nuclei elements (UMNEs) is one of important force to cause the cluster decay of the mantle-making super-superheavy elements of the planet-earth.

Based on the above-explained mechanism, the author proposed that the mechanism for a star-core-gestated embryonic metallic karyosphere to grow in mass-scale and mass-density is even-mass-coating. In this physical scenario, when a group of planets revolve around the central star, the jet-head of a planet-ejected lance-shaped sunward-streaming electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying lepton-dominated particle jet is also revolving around the central star, meanwhile, the star-core-gestated embryonic matellic karyospheres are also in a rotating-fliping-synchronized motion status, therefore, the freshly synthesized heavy metal elements will evenly coated onto the surface of the star-core-gestated planetary embryos layer-by-layer while the neutrons of the highest energy level will also evenly penetrate into the nuclei of the core-making ultra-heavy mega nuclei elements, the mechanism of which enable every planet to be shaped spherical in the core of their mother star. So, the even-mass-coating and the even-neutron-tunneling should be the plausible mechanism of shaping planets spherical. In this sense, the classical mechanism of gravitational shaping used by the mainstream astrophysicists to explain how the planets are shaped spherical is fundamentally incorrect because they cannot give you an answer for what is the exactly the critical mass being required for a planetary object to be shaped spherical, the moon-mass? Perhaps, the Pluto-mass? The answer is no answer.

The above-explained new mechanism of planetary formation clarifies a concept that the mass lost by the current-evolving planet in the solar system will be converted into the body masses of the sun-core-gestated mass-growing planetary embryos through a series of new co-evolutionistic physical mechanisms. The theory of star-planet coevolution showed us a new picture about the ultimate fate of the solar system that in the far distant future, the masses and energies of all the current-evolving planets will be completely transferred into the sun’s core to be converted into the body masses of the sun-core-gestated planetary embryos of next-generation planets. At this time, the whole solar system will evolve to be a giant-core-gestated mother-component star of a next-generation contact binary system, with its companion star (the father component star) being evolved from the current alpha-Centauri system. This picture explains why the adjacent stellar systems are all moving towards the solar system.

2.3.8 The upper limit of the average lifespan of all stable elements and the upper limit of the average lifespan of proton

Based on the suggested uranium→hydrogen decay chain and the cascade →proton→meson→muon→electron/positron pair decay chain and the suggested mechanism of the formation and mass-evolution of star-core-gestated planetary embryos, the author proposed that the average lifespan of stable constituent elements of  a planet cannot be any longer than that of the lifespan of the planet. For example, average lifespan of the radioactive isotope of uranium-238 or the average lifespan of the stable isotope of oxygen-16 is shorter than the lifespan of the earth. It must be specially emphasized that the concept of half-life of a stable nuclide is radically different from that of the average lifespan of the stable nuclide. Since the terrestrial protons confined in the lower belt of the Van Allen Radiation Belt and the solar protons confined in the upper belt of the Van Allen Radiation belt will be converted into each other’s anti-particle when the double-sourced protons approach each other, and the collision-and-transmutation of the proton-antiproton pair will lead to cascade processes of proton/antiprotonpair→±meson→±muon→electron/positron pair decay chain, the average lifespan of the terrestrial protons is surely shorter than that of the earth. The mainstream scientists claimed that they have not yet observed the event of proton decay, but in reality, the proton decay events are constant occurring for a second because of the existence of the putative mechanism of the proton-antiproton conversion-collision-transmutation which operates in the Van Allen Radiation belt.

2.3.9 The suggested new mechanism of the formation of chemical bond 

The theory of star-planet coevolution holds that the macroscopic physical mechanism that forms the giant gravito-electromagnetic bonds connecting the sun and the planets (as is described as the SSPR-dynamo mechanism) is exactly the same as the microscopic physical mechanism that forms the various types of electromagnetic bonds (chemical bonds) connecting atoms. In other words, the formation of the gravito-electromagnetic bond connecting the sun and planets and the formation of the electromagnetic bond connecting two or more atoms share a common physical mechanism. So, this newly proposed mechanism of chemical bond formation is based on two basic assumptions: (1) there is only one fundamental force in the universe, the electromagnetic force. Therefore, the giant electromagnetic bonds that connect macroscopic objects and the electromagnetic bonds that connect microscopic particles share a unified physical mechanism. (2) An atom's magnetic field originates from the nucleus, and the effective range of the nuclear magnetic field far exceeds the orbital radius of the outermost electron. The spherical shell of atoms we observe in the microscopic world by X-ray diffraction is equivalent to the photosphere we observe in the sun, and the radius of the sun's effective magnetic field extends to the edge of the solar system. Therefore, I predict that the effective radius of an atom's nuclear magnetic field is at least ten times the orbit of its outermost electron, much as the magnetic field of a human body is at least five times longer than his or her waist circumference. Thus, the mechanism by which the chemical bond (or the interatomic electromagnetic bond) is formed is orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting-and-entangling of the magnetic fields lines of the nucleomagnetic fields which originated from the nuclei of atoms.

In this new chemical bond-forming scenario, when two atoms approach each other, the magnetic field lines of the two nucleomagnetic fields begin to be in an intercutting and entangling status, in which process the geometric spatial relationship between the spin axes of the two nuclei will be automatically adjusted to a right-angled orthogonal relationship, which means that the spin axes of the two atomic nuclei will become perpendicular to each other. The mechanism of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting and entangling of the magnetic fields lines of two interacting nucleomagnetic fields will created a large amount of bidirectional-flowing and electromagnetically-charged particle streams that are always in a dynamical process of frequently intercutting and mutually entangling with each other on every single step of their oppositely moving towards the two bonding nuclei, thus creating chemical bond. This means that the mechanism of intercutting and entangling of the magentic fields lines between any two nucleomagentic fields is the fundamental mechanism that determines the formation of chemical bond while the outer most valence electrons is the non-determining factor which only helps form different types of chemical bond. Logically, the frequently intercutting and entangling of oppositely moving wave-energy-carrying particle streams generates the electromagnetic bonding force between adjacent nuclei while the bidirectional-flowing particle streams confined within the pipe-like bond structure enable the any two electromagnetically bonding atoms to perform the physical activity of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange. Thus, the essential nature of chemical bond is best described by the macro-micro-unified principle of tunnel-bond duality, which states that all types of chemical bond have a basic functional duality, which means that a chemical bond not only act as a force-mediating bond which mediates electromagnetic force between connecting atoms but also act as a mass-energy-exchanging tunnel through which the two bonding atoms perform the physical activity of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange.

2.3.10 The two suggested laws of nonequivalent inter-atomic mass-energy exchange

Although the new mechanism of the formation of chemical bond and the newly proposed principle of tunnel-bond duality will profoundly revolutionize our understanding about the fundamental mechanism of chemical bond formation and the essence-revealing functional duality of chemical bond. However, we still lack a complete description to help us distinguish between any two electromagnetically-bonding atoms which atom is a mass-energy loser or which atom is a mass-energy gainer. Therefore, the author has proposed two putative laws of nonequivalent interatomic mass-energy exchange in order to make the interatomic mass-energy exchange theory complete.

2.3.10.a The first suggested laws of nonequivalent interatomic mass-energy exchange

The first suggested law of nonequivalent interatomic mass-energy exchange states that: In any diatomic or multi-atomic molecular system that is composed of at least two different elements, every chemically bonding atom in the molecular system is inevitably in the process of nonequivalent mass-energy exchange with its adjacent atom due to the existence of the macro-micro-unified principle of tunnel-bond duality. If an atom-A with a relatively higher electronegativity is directly bonded to an adjacent atom-B with a relatively lower electronegativity, then, in a given interval of time, the amount of mass-energy that the atom-A absorbed from the atom-B is always greater than that of the mass-energy it transferred to the atom-B and vice versa. Thus, the atom-A with a relatively higher electronegativity will become the mass-energy gainer while the atom-B with a relatively lower electronegativity will become the mass-energy loser. 

Logically speaking, the first suggested law of non-equivalent interatomic mass-energy exchange has a certain degree of logical consistency with Einstein's principle of mass energy equivalence. According to the Einstein’s principle of mass-energy equivalence, the long-term mass-losing process of the above-mentioned atom-B will inevitably result in the constant decay of the nuclear binding energy of the atom-B. Therefore, the natural result of the first suggested law of nonequivalent interatomic mass-energy exchange is that the decaying rate of the nuclear binding energy of the atom-A with a relatively higher electronegativity is lower than that of the atom-B a relatively lower electronegativity, thus the nuclear stability of atom-A is relatively higher than that of the atom-B. This means that the elements with a relatively higher electronegativity would generally have a higher nuclear stability than the elements with a relatively lower electronegativity which manifests as a phenomenon that the elements with a relatively higher electronegativity generally have a longer average lifespan that the elements with a relatively lower electronegativity.

One of the indirect evidential supports of this law is that, the first suggested law of nonequivalent interatomic mass-energy exchange explains why the most of metal elements with averaged lower electronegativity are generally more likely to undergo a mass-energy-decaying trended elemental transmutation (or isotopic transmutation) than that of the lighter gaseous elements with averaged higher electronegativity. For example, in a molecular system of iron oxide, In a molecular system of iron oxide, oxygen nuclei and iron nuclei are always in a dynamic process of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange, and since the relative electronegativity of oxygen is higher than that of iron, therefore, at any given time interval, the total amount of mass-energy absorbed by an oxygen nucleus from an iron nucleus is always greater than the total amount of mass-energy transferred by the oxygen nucleus to the iron nucleus. This means that all oxygen atoms in a molecular system of iron oxide are mass-energy gainers and all iron atoms are mass-energy losers. In a system of iron oxide molecules, oxygen nuclei and iron nuclei are always in a dynamic non-equivalent mass-energy exchange process, and since the relative electronegativity of oxygen is higher than that of iron, at any given time interval, The total amount of matter-energy absorbed by an oxygen nucleus from an iron nucleus is greater than the total amount of matter-energy transferred by the oxygen nucleus to the iron nucleus. This means that, in a system of iron oxide molecules, all oxygen atoms are mass-energy gainers and all iron atoms are mass-energy losers. As a result, when the nuclear binding energy of an iron nucleus decays to a critical value, it naturally triggers an alternating beta decay of an iron nucleus, in which the iron nucleus gradually decays into a manganese nucleus, and so on, the manganese nucleus gradually decays into a chromium nucleus, which in turn decays into a vanadium nucleus, which in turn decays into a titanium nucleus. Because the oxygen atom nucleus continuously absorbs matter-energy from the nucleus of the metal atom, the relative stability of the oxygen element is higher than the relative stability of the metal element, resulting in the average life of the oxygen atom in an iron oxide molecular system is longer than the average life of the iron atom, so in an iron ore, a part of the iron oxide molecules will evolve into manganese oxide, and so on. Manganese oxide molecules evolve into chromium oxide, chromium oxide evolves into vanadium oxide, vanadium oxide molecules evolve into titanium oxide, and so on. This explains a common metallogenic phenomenon, in many kinds of metal oxide ores, the metal elements with a closer atomic number tend to cluster in the same kind of metal oxide ore. This phenomenon is difficult to explain in terms of macroscopic plate tectonic processes.

2.3.10.b  The second suggested law of non-equivalent interatomic mass-energy exchange

The second suggested law of non-equivalent inter-atomic mass-energy exchange states that: In a multi-nuclei molecular system that contains at least three different elements, when two directly bonded atoms, say, atom-A and atom-B, are the same isotope of the same element, for example, the C=C bond, the rule of determining which one is the mass-gaining atom or mass-losing atom is to compare the electronegativity of their next adjacent atom(s) by using the principle of electronegativity superposition. In this physical scenario, say, in a C=C bond structure, both atom-A and atom-B are the same isotope of C-12, the atom-A (C-12) is directly bonded to an atom-C and the atom-B (C-12) is directly bonded to the atom-D, if the electronegativity of atom-C is higher than that of the atom-D, then the sum of the superposed electronegativity of atom-A and atom-C will be higher than that of the superposed electronegativity of atom-B and atom-D. Thus, the atom-A will be the mass-energy-gaining atom while the atom-B will be the mass-energy-losing atom. Over time, the atom-B of carbon-12 will be more likely to transmute into other element of lighter-than-carbon ahead of the atom-A which is the same isotope of C-12.

The second law of inter-atomic matter-energy exchange is also call the law of electronegativity superposition which can help us to distinguish the mass-energy gainer or mass-energy loser between any two directly-bonding atoms of the same isotope of the same element in a multi-atom molecular system. For example, in an ethanol molecule, there are the two immediately bonded atoms of C-12, the atom-A of C-12 is bonded to three hydrogen atoms while the atom-B of C-12 is immediately bonded to oxygen atom, since the electronegativity of oxygen is much higher than that of hydrogen, therefore, the sum of the superposed electronegativity of atom-A and three hydrogen atoms is lower than that of superposed electronegativity of atom-B that is immediately bonded with an oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, therefore, when distinguishing the mass-energy gainer or loser between the carbon atom-A and the carbon atom-B, we can determine that the carbon atom-B is the mass-energy gainer. So, the carbon atom-B should

decay into other lighter-than-carbon element ahead of carbon atom-A. Comparing the first suggested law of non-equivalent interatomic mass-energy exchange, the second suggested law of non-equivalent interatomic mass-energy exchange is of less importance that the first one.

2.3.10.c  The newly suggested decay mode—the bond-promoted low-radioactivity beta-minus/plus-alternating decay series and other types of bond-promoted low-radioactivity decay modes

Due to the crucial role played by chemical bonds in promoting the process of the minus/plus-alternating beta decay series of the metal elements in metal oxide molecules, this low-radioactivity minus/plus-alternating beta decay series is therefore called the "bond-promoted beta-minus/plus-alternating decay series". This mode of low-radioactivity beta decay series can be regarded as the result

Another potential mechanism that can be used to explain the non-radioactive symmetric, near-symmetric and asymmetric fission of medium- and low-mass nuclei is the suggested mode of bond-promoted non-radioactive symmetric and asymmetric nuclear fission.

The above-mentioned modes of bond-promoted low-radioactivity beta minus/plus-alternating decay series and the bond-promoted low-radioactivity symmetric and asymmetric nuclear fission can both be regarded as the results of the first suggested law of non-equivalent interatomic mass-energy exchange and the macro-micro-unified principle of tunnel-bond duality.

2.3.10.d  The suggested methods of testing the first suggested law of non-equivalent interatomic mass-energy exchange and the mechanism of bond-promoted minus/plus-alternated beta decay series and the mechanism of bond-promoted cluster decay or the bond-promoted symmetric and asymmetric fission of low-mass nuclei

To inspire the experimentalists to test the above-mentioned suggested law and suggested modes of mass-energy-decaying trended elemental transmutation, the author had suggested the following experimental methods:

Step-1, make a certain amount of high-purity Fe2O3 powder that contains no any other elements other than Fe and O.

Step-2, put the high-purity F2O3 powder into an ampere bottle that is filled with pure water that contains no other elements.

Step-3, seal the ampere bottle that contains high-purity Fe2O3 and H2O fluid into a multi-layer ampere bottle.

Step-4, use a high-sensitive spectrometer to measure the trace amount of other elements that may have contaminated the sample and make a record, and then, put the sample ampere bottle into a multi-layer thick metal case to reduce the influence of cosmic ray striking the sample atoms in the ampere bottle.

Step-5, after a period of time, using the same high-sensitive spectrometer to measure the sample ampere bottle to see if we could find out any extra elements, other than Fe, O, H, in a significant amount.

Potential result: If there is a significant amount of any other isotopes of the lighter-than-Fe elements (other than Fe, O, H) were found in the ampere bottle, such as the isotopes of Mn, Cr, V, Ti, Mg, Ca, C, Be, Bo, etc., were found to be in the “F2O3 + H2O” sample, then, the existence of the natural mechanism of bond-promoted minus/plus-alternated beta decays and of the natural mechanism of bond-promoted cluster decay, bond-promoted symmetric and asymmetric fission of the nuclei of the Fe, O, especially the fission of Fe, would be confirmed.

Not that: The reason why we want to put the Fe2O3 powder into a certain amount of pure water is that we want to have more oxygen atoms to participate the process of nonequivalent inter-atomic matter-energy exchange between the Fe atoms and the O atoms in order to effectively shorten the experimental period. This is because the more oxygen atoms surrounding the iron atoms, the more amount of mass-energy of the Fe nuclei will be absorbed by the oxygen atoms, then, the faster the nuclear binding energy of the Fe atoms decays, eventually, the time for the Fe nuclei to undergo either low-radioactivity beta-minus/plus-alternating decay series or the non-radioactive symmetric and asymmetric nuclear fission is faster. So, the experimental period can be shortened. The same method can used to measure the possible daughter elements that could derive from the “stable” Pb-206 via the mechanisms of bond-promoted beta minus/plus-alternated decays or bond-promoted symmetric / asymmetric non-radioactive nuclear fission if the experimentalists replace the Fe2O3 sample with PbO2 sample.

2.3.11 the macroscopic-microscopic-unified physical mechanism of electromagnetic bond formation: The formation of microscopic interatomic electromagnetic bonds and the formation of macroscopic sun-planet-connecting gravito-electromagnetic bonds share the same physical mechanism

As explained earlier, the physical mechanism for forming macroscopic giant gravito-electromagnetic bonds connecting the sun and planets is exactly the same as the physical mechanism for forming microscopic electromagnetic bonds (chemical bonds) connecting atoms. This is a macroscopic-microscopic-unified cosmic dynamo mechanism. The physical essence of the cosmic dynamo mechanism is intercutting and entanglement of the magnetic fields lines between any two or more rotating objects that carry intrinsic magnetic fields. In the solar system, for example, the mechanism by which a giant gravito-electromagnetic bond is formed between the sun and the planets is solar-stator and planetary-rotor integrated complex dynamo mechanism (SSPR-dynamo mechanism). In this physical scenario, the sun has a intrinsic spherical magnetic field that extends at least 1-ligh-year away from its center, within the sun’s spherical magnetic field, the magnetic field lines of every planet in an orbiting-rotating-synchronized motion is always in a dynamic process of frequently intercutting and entangling with the magnetic field lines of the sun. This SSPR-dynamo mechanism creates a large number of bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic currents between the sun and every planet, these bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic wave-energy-carrying particle streams will form a huge tubular electromagnetic bond under the action of the quantum braiding mechanism, much like a wire rope-making machine. The mechanism by which the electromagnetic interaction force is mediated is the bidirectional-flowing particle streams that are always in an intercutting-entangling status on every step of their opposite streaming forwards towards the cores of the sun and planet. This is how a gravitational-electromagnetic interaction is created to connect the sun and planet. At the microscopic atomic scale, the physical mechanism by which the chemical bonds or the interatomic-connecting electromagnetic bond is formed is multi-nuclear-magnetic-fields-integrated dynamo mechanism (MNMFI-dynamo mechanism). In this physical scenario, the magnetic fields lines of any two or more nuclei of atoms are always in a high-frequency intercutting and entangling status, creating a large number of bidirectional-flowing and frequently intercutting-and-entangling electromagnetic currents between two nuclei, forming the interatomic electromagnetic bond or chemical bond. The reason for why the strength of the microscopic electromagnetic interaction force is much higher is that the average velocity of spinning nuclei is much higher than the celestial bodies while the average strength of the magnetic fields of the bonding nuclei is also much higher than that of the sun and planets, and the frequency of the intercutting of the nuclear magnetic fields lines between two nuclei is much higher than that of the sun and planet while distance between two nuclei is much shorter than the distance between celestial bodies. This is also the reason for why the strong nuclear force (the inter-nuclear-electromagnetic force) is much stronger than the inter-solar-planetary gravito-electromagnetic force.

2.3.12 The macroscopic-microscopic-unified principle of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting and entanglement of magnetic fields lines in two-body systems

The principle of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting and entanglement of magnetic fields lines of two electromagnetically bonding bodies states that for any two electromagnetically bonding objects, under the condition that the distance between them remains the constant, in order to maximize the electromagnetic attraction between them, the intersection angle of their rotational axes must be adjusted to be perpendicular to each other in order to produce a bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic particle streams that are balance in flux. This principle is a macroscopic-microscopic-unified principle that is valid not only for describing electromagnetic interactions in celestial world but also for describing electromagnetic interactions in particle world. For example, in celestial world, we can see that the rotational axes of any two gravito-electromagnetically bonding binary galaxies, binary stars, are perpendicular to one another. In the earth-moon system, the rotational axes of the earth and the moon are perpendicular to one another, which is why the earth-based observer cannot see the far side of the moon. This means that the traditional explanation to this phenomenon that the rotational velocity of the Moon is equal to its orbital velocity (or the rotation-revolution-synchronized motion of the moon) is fundamentally incorrect. In microscopic world, when a chemical bond is formed between two atoms, the spin axes of the nuclei of the two atoms must also be perpendicular to one another in order to maximize the electromagnetic attraction between them by generating a large number of bidirectional-flowing electromagnetic currents that are approximately balance in fluxes.   

2.3.13 The macroscopic-microscopic-unified law of nonequivalent mass-energy exchange between bodies

The suggested law of nonequivalent mass-energy exchange between bodies states that for any two objects that are in electromagnetic bonding state, whether they are macroscopic celestial bodies or microscopic particles, these two objects must maintain their electromagnetic interaction relationship by performing the behavior of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between them. The reason for why the bilateral mass-energy exchange between any two electromagnetically bonding bodies must follow the rule of non-equivalent exchange is the unequal fluxes of the bidirectional-flowing particle streams generated by the mechanism of orthogonal axial intersectional intercutting and entangling of the magnetic fields lines of the two bodies. In other words, it is impossible for any two electromagnetically bonding bodies to generate a large number of bidirectional-flowing particle streams that are exactly balance (or equal in energy density) in flux.  

2.3.14 The macroscopic-microscopic-unified principle of tunnel-bond duality

The principle of tunnel-bond duality states that any form of electromagnetic bond connecting two objects has functional duality, that is, an electromagnetic bond not only serves as a force-mediating structure through which an electromagnetic interaction force is mediated between bonding bodies, but also as a mass-energy exchange channel through which the two electromagnetically bonding bodies are performing the behavior of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange. In other words, a gravito-electromagnetic bond functions as a force-mediator and a mass-energy exchange channel simultaneously.

2.3.15 The principle of synchronization of the macroscopic astrophysical process and the microscopic particle transmutation process and the matter particle-energy jet transformation process

The principle of synchronization of the macroscopic astrophysical process and the microscopic particle physical process states that the macroscopic astrophysical process of the origin and evolution of the planet-bearing single star system is synchronized with the microscopic particle process of the origin and transmutation of atomic and subatomic particles. Take the sun-earth system, for example, the macroscopic process of the mass-losing evolution of the earth is synchronized with the microscopic process of the mass-decaying-trended particle transmutation of the earth’s constituent particles. And the macroscopic process of the mass-gaining evolution of the sun is synchronized with the sun-core-based microscopic process of the synthesis of heavy metal elements and the mass-increasing trended elemental transmutation. Essentially, in this corresponding scenario between macroscopic astrophysical process and microscopic matter particle→energy jet transformation process, the corresponding relationship between the macroscopic process of the origin and evolution of the solar system and the microscopic process of the cyclic mass-energy-mass transformation is that:

(1) The earth-based mass-decaying trended particle transmutation process of the uranium-hydrogen decay chain which occurs in the regions starting from the earth’s core to its hydrogen shell in the upper atmosphere and the proton-photon decay chain which occurs in the earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt is corresponding to the matter→energy jet transformation process. The regions starting from the earth’s Van Allen Radiation belt to the inner-transitional layer of the photosphere and to the sun’s core are the regions in which the earth-sun double-sourced energy jets are being transformed into atomic and subatomic particles through the mechanism of the solar magnetic field-confined solar-planetary double-sourced particle-jet colliding. Equivalently, the macroscopic astrophysical process of the coevolution of the sun and planets is corresponding to the reversible microscopic processes of matter-energy-matter transformation (MEMT).

2.3.16 The macroscopic-microscopic-unified principle of triple similarity

The principle of triple similarity states that any two electromagnetically coupling systems with a coexistence and co-function relationship must have triple similarity, that is, compositional similarity, morphological structural similarity, and functional similarity. This principle implies that the sun and the planets, as two types of electromagnetically coupling celestial bodies must have three similarities in basic chemical composition, internal structure and physical function. For example, both the Sun and the planets have a super-condensed metallic core, both the solar and planetary cores are composed of highly radioactive ultraheavy neutron-rich elements (Ultraheavy Mega Nuclei Elements), and both the solar core and planetary core have strong magnetic fields, both the sun’s surface and the planets’ surface are composed of similar middle mass elements, such as iron, calcium, oxygen, etc. Both The sun and the planets must work together to co-form and co-operate a series of generalized biophysical mechanisms in order to reproduce their daughter celestial lives—the sun-core-gestated metallic planetary embryos of the next-generation planets. In the solar system, the planets that collectively act as male-celestial bodies that are responsible for providing the Sun with half of the matter-energy required for the sun to synthesize metallic elements, namely the planetary-ejected sunward-streaming lepton-dominated wave-energy-carrying particle-energy jets. The sun that acts as a female-celestial body that is responsible for synthesizing heavy metal elements necessary for the sun-core-gestated planetary embryos to grow in mass until they become a clutch of mass-matured pre-ejection planetary embryos that will evolve into fully-fledged planets. By analogy, the current sun is just like a “giant pregnant women” who will give birth to the next-generation of planets in about 10 billion years in the future when the sun-core-gestated embryonic metallic karyospheres grow up into a clutch of mass-matured planetary embryos.

The principle of triple similarity is a macroscopic-microscopic-unified fundamental principle that is not only applicable to describing the triple similarity of the sun and planets, but also useful for describing the triple similarity of many of the functional coupling biological molecular systems, for example, the two functional coupling molecules, like the first biochemical messengers that are co-functioning outside the membrane of the cells, like estrogen and androgen that are co-functioning in human bodies, and the secondary biochemical messengers that are co-functioning inside cells, like the cAMP and cGMP, both are physically coupling molecular systems that have triple similarities, 1) the compositional similarity—both are composed of same elements; morphological structural similarity—both are Both are the same kind of steroid compounds; the functional similarity—both have the similar biochemical function and both must co-work and coexistence in the bodies of advanced life form.  

2.3.17 The principle of mass-energy inequality of nucleons

The principle of mass-energy inequality of nucleons states that:

 It is impossible for the same kind of nucleons (protons or neutrons) contained in the nuclei of different elements to have absolutely or exactly equal masses and absolutely or exactly equal energies. Generally speaking, the greater the macroscopic mass density of an element, the greater the average rest mass and the average gravitational potential energy of the nucleon in the nucleus of that element, and vice versa.

For example, the macroscopic mass density of gold is 19.32 g/cm ³, while the macroscopic mass density of helium (liquid, -268.9°C) is only 0.126 g/cm ³.  Therefore, the average rest mass of the neutron and the average mass of the proton in the nucleus of gold element are much greater than those in the nucleus of helium. In the Standard Model, however, the average mass of the neutron or proton in the nuclei of different elements is considered to be exactly equal, which is completely wrong. For the convenience of calculation of atomic mass, the mainstream scientists use the carbon-12 as a standard method of measuring an atomic relative mass of all elements, the kind of method of measuring the microscopic mass of atoms which can seriously distort our worldview. According to the theory of star-planet coevolution, the mechanism by which the nucleons and nuclei are synthesized in the core of sun-like star is star-planet double magnetic fields co-energized and star-planet double-sourced particle-energy jets colliding in star core under the confinement of the star’s magnetic field. Therefore, the average mass-energy of a nucleon (neutron or proton) or the average mass-energy of a nucleus of different elements is determined by the average energy density carried by the particle-energy jets of the star and its planets. And in different planet-bearing solar like single star system, the mass-energy of different stars and planets are quite different. The new mechanism of the synthesis of nucleons and nuclei in star core implies that the average mass density of the constituent atoms of the same elements occurring on different planets must be unequal, even though such a difference in mass density between the same constituent elements occurring on different planets is tiny, but the difference in mass density exists simply because of the new particle-astrophysics. And the star-planet coevolution-based new particle-astrophysics can also explain why the iron element of the lunar rock sample cannot chemically react with the earth’s constituent oxygen.  

In the following chapter 3, the author will use all these putative laws, principles and mechanisms proposed in chapter 2 to explain all physical phenomena occurring in the solar system, in particular, the physical phenomena occurring in the sun-earth system without adding additional assumptions. So, the evidentially supported and logically consistent explanation provided in the following chapter 3 may give readers such an impression that the theory of star-planet coevolution surpasses all the dominant astrophysical theories or models in simplicity, self-consistency and falsifiability for its startling explanatory and predictive powers.

Reference:

[2]The Surface Of The Sun, The Photosphere And Electrically Driven Solar Flares. Michael Mozina, 2008. http://www.thesurfaceofthesun.com/index.html.

E-mail us: michael@thesurfaceofthesun.com

[2] S J Bennett, M Free, B R Fulton, “Symmetrical, And Near-Symmetrical Fission Of Mg-24, Si-28 and S-32” Nuclear Physics A, 534(2) 445-460.

[3] B R Fulton, S J Bennett, “ Symmetrical Fission Of Mg-24 Following Inelastic Scattering”, Physics Letters B, Page 233-237, volume 181. 4 Dec 1986

[4] Stephane Coutu, “Positron Galore”, April 3, 2013. Physics 6, 40

[5] Van Allen Radiation Belt, by the editors of Encyclopaedia of Britannica, updated Sep 27, 2022.