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On the Principles of Star-Planet Coevolution
Chapter 2
The Suggested Laws, Principles and Mechanisms Suggested
To Explain the Origin and Evolution the solar system
Section
1 Two Basic Postulates
To provide an adequate macro-micro-unified
explanation about the formation and evolution of the solar system, we must
introduce a set of suggested-laws, principles and mechanisms necessary for propounding
a complete theoretical model with high self-consistency. Our suggestions are
based on two basic postulates from which other potential laws, principles and
mechanism can be logically derived.
Postulation-1: Link
the Star-Pairing Phenomena and Stellar-Merger Event to the Origin and Evolution
of the Solar System
There is a most reliable philosophic principle
that can be used as a “thought-compass” to guide us to discover the new astrophysics
theory that can correctly explain the origin and evolution of the solar system,
which notes that the most basic natural laws, principles and mechanisms
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arising in any
scientific field must be hidden behind the most commonly seen natural phenomena
occurring in this field. Inspired by this philosophical principle, we believe
that the star-pairing phenomenon (that exist as all types of binary systems) and
stellar-merger events (which manifest as all types of supernova events) are the
two most commonly seen natural phenomena occurring the astronomic world. Therefore,
the fundamental physical laws, principles and mechanisms governing the
astrophysical process of the origin and evolution of the solar system must be
hidden behind the two commonly seen astronomic phenomena. Starting from this
postulation, we propose that the solar system originated from a stellar-merger
event that should have happened in at least 10 billion years ago, rather than
the event of gravitational collapse of a fraction of a giant molecular cloud
thought to have happened in 4.56 billion years ago. In this physical scenario, the
sun and all the solar system’s planets can both be created in just one stellar-merger
event in which a parent binary-star system merged into a daughter solar-like single
star system. This means that both the sun and its orbiting planets are the
merge-borne daughter products of the merge-demised parent compact binary
system. The potential mechanism by which the sun is formed is merge-induced seminal metallic
karyosphere-implanted plasmatic fusion. In this physical scenario, with a
seminal core ejected by one of
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merging component
stars had been being implanted into the center of merging plasma shells of
collapsing component stars, functioning as a new gravitational center to cause
the plasmatic materials to fuse together, coalesce to form a newborn daughter
single star, thus forming the sun. The potential mechanism by which the planet is
formed is merge-activated embryonic
metallic karyosphere ejection. In this physical scenario, under the combined actions of amplified
centrifugal force and the “cue-objet
ball-striking snooker effect”, the
merging component stars would eject out their high-density cores, termed as the massively-matured embryonic metallic karyospheres, into the
nearby circumstellar space, thus creating the newborn daughter planets. In the stellar-merger scenario, the masses of the two parent component
stars would be totally inherited by the daughter-generation solar-like single
star system by following the principle
of double-sourced celestial matter-gene inheritance (the rule of double
component stars’ matter-gene inheritance). The concept of the celestial matter-gene can be defined as
a group of unique complex-ratios of certain isotopes and isomers of the constituent
elements of the daughter star and daughter planets. Essentially, a
stellar-merger event can be treated as a transitional new-old life-relaying
process in which an old parent compact binary-star system end its life by
merging into a newborn daughter generation
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solar-like single
star system, the process of which resembles the two-sex reproduction of
terrestrial lives, we called it the stellar marriage-and-merger caused “two-sex
reproduction of new-generation stars and planets ”. In chapter 3, we will
introduce the new concepts of the “male-component
star” and the “female-component star” with two commensurable universal criterions that can be used to distinguish the
sex of both celestial life form and the terrestrial advanced life form.
As a group of merging-star-ejected metallic
karyospheres, the initial chemical components of all newborn planets are
totally different from the evolved planets, the newborn planets are composed
mostly of uranium and transuranium elements that make up their compact cores
that were wrapped up with a thin iron shell, there is almost no atmosphere of light
gaseous elements (hydrogen, helium and oxygen are rare to newborn planets). This
means that the vast majority of the earth’s constituent elements that are
lighter than uranium are initially transmuted from the uranium through various
known and/or unknown modes of radioactive or non-radioactive decay. Generally
speaking, the rotational speed and the magnitude of the magnetic field strength
of all newborn planets (as a merge-ejected planetary embryos) should have
reached the highest values and since then, the planets’ rotational speed gradually
would slow down
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and the their
magnetic field strength would be decay as they evolve. In the subsequent
coevolutionary process with the sun, the planets will gradually transferring
their body-masses into the core of the sun, but this does not mean the planets
can directly eject their constituent atoms or molecular particles into the sun’s
core, but instead, all the planets’s constituent atoms must first be
disintegrated into subatomic particles through various mechanisms of the solar-planetary co-modulated mass-decaying-trended
elemental transmutation, include the alpha, beta, and cluster decay, and
the photodisintegration. And these subatomic particles would be
electromagnetically co-modulated by the solar and planetary magnetic fields in
order to create the planet-ejected sunward-streaming magnetized hadron jets
that are being injected into the sun’s core, where the planetary hadron jets would
collide with the solar plasma under the confinement of the sun’s magnetic field
force, thus synthesizing the heavy elements in the sun’s core. So the new
suggested mechanism of the sun-core-based synthesis of the heavy elements is
essentially a “coevolutionary mechanism” that is co-created and co-participated
by both sun and planets, rather than the “non-coevolutionary mechanism” thought
to be operated by the sun itself via the so-called hydrogen-fueled nuclear
fusion reaction that we think its’ a fundamentally incorrect mechanism simply
because it violates the
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central principle
of star-planet co-evolution. So we named this kind of sun-planet co-created and
co-participated mechanism of heavy elements synthesis as the solar magnetic field-confined and the sun-planet’s double magnetic
fields co-charged and double-sourced particle-energy jets colliding. Based
on the assumption-1, we naturally arrived
at the assumption-2, which holds that, because the evolution of any celestial
body is essentially the collective effects of the transmutations of its constituent
atoms. Therefore, the macroscopic astrophysical process of the co-evolution of
star and planet must be synchronized with the microscopic quantum-physical processes
of the origin and transmutation of the constituent elements of both the star
and its orbiting planets.
Postulation-2: The principle of macro-microscopic
process-synchronization, or simply called macro-microscopic astroparticle-unification.
The suggested principle of
macro-microscopic unification holds that the cyclic macroscopic processes in
which a parent compact binary-star system merging into a daughter solar-like
single star system, and the daughter single star system is essentially a holistic
coevolutionary system
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within which
daughter star and daughter planets must evolve by performing the bilateral and
non-equivalent mass-energy exchange. Ultimately, the masses and energies of all
planets would be totally transferred into the star-core to be converted into
the body masses of the star-core-gestated embryonic metallic karyospheres—the
mass-evolving planetary embryos of nest-generation planets. So the essence of
the physical process of inter solar-planetary mass-energy exchange is the
process of the sun-core-directed mass-energy transference, also called the
process of solar-end mass-transference. The macroscopic of the planet-to-sun trended
mass-energy transference is totally synchronized with a microscopic process of
the origin and evolution of the solar system.
To offer a new snapped physical scenario of
how the macro-astrophysical process of the origin and evolution of the solar system
is synchronized with the micro-quantum-physical process of the origin and
transmutation of the star’s or planet’s constituent elements, we take the
earth-sun system, for example, under the combined multi-actions of the solar
cosmic rays colliding on earth’s constituent atoms, and the potential mechanism
of solar-terrestrial double magnetic fields co-modulated radio-wave heating,
and the mechanism of non-equivalent
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solar-terrestrial
mass-energy exchanging, the earth’s constituent trans-uranium and uranium atoms
(make up the earth’s core and mantle) and all other elements
lighter-than-uranium would ultimately decay into group of the hydrogen-1 atoms
through various known and yet-known modes of elemental transmutation including
the known modes of radioactive decay. The process of planet-based elemental
transmutation is presumably dictated by the suggested law of planet-based mass-decay-trended elemental transmutation (also called the suggested law of hydrogen-end
elemental transmutation). If not being collided with the solar-sourced
cosmic rays on ground, the “lucky” hydrogen atoms would move up into the earth’s
upper atmosphere and are hovering in the hydrogen-shell, then all these highly
ionized hydrogen atoms in hydrogen shell will encounter even the solar cosmic
rays of much higher flux density which cause them to be photoelectrically
disintegrated into protons and electrons that are continuously moving up into
the lower layer of the earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt. These protons and
electrons that originated from the terrestrial hydrogen atoms are called the terrestrial proton in contrast to the solar-sourced protons that are
captured by geomagnetic field and are mostly located in the upper layer of the
Van Allen Radiation Belt. Through a potential mechanism of what we called the star-planet double magnetic fields co-modulated
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matter-antimatter conversion or the
mechanism of solar-planetary double magnetic fields co-modulated
particle-antiparticle conversion, by which a matter particle in one
magnetic field can be conversed into antimatter particle when they are moving into
different magnetic fields with opposite magneto-polarization. In this physical
scenario, when captured by the earth’s magnetic field, the solar protons can be
magnetically converted into “antiproton
relative to the terrestrial proton” while the solar protons are moving into
the upper layer of the earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt. On the contrary, the
terrestrial protons that are mainly located in the lower layer of the earth’s
Van Allen Radiation Belt can also be converted into “antiproton relative to the solar proton” on their way moving up
into the upper layer of the Van Allen Radiation Belt in a synchronous manner. In
the meantime, during-and-after the
mutual-charge-conversion process, the solar-terrestrial double sourced
protons and their corresponding antiprotons will encounter and collide on their
way of up-and-down bidirectional-streaming. The process of the
solar-terrestrial double-sourced proton-antiproton colliding is totally
synchronized with the process of solar-terrestrial co-modulated
proton-antiproton conversion. Because
both the continuously occurring activities of the double-sourced
proton-antiproton
conversion-and-collision are confined within the
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geomagnetic field
with an operation area across the entire Van Allen Radiation Belt, so, the
mechanism of which is therefore called the Geomagnetic
Field-Confined and the Solar-Terrestrial Double Magnetic Fields Co-charged And
Co-Modulated Double-Sourced Proton-Antiproton Conversion-and-Collision. It
turns out that the earth’s Van Allen Radiation Belt is essentially an invisible giant geomagnetic-confined double-sourced hadron-jets colliding machine. This naturally-occurring giant magnetic confined hadron-colliding machine would
produce large numbers of short-lived mesonic particles such as
positive/negative kaons, which in turn, the kaons decay into pions, and pions
decay into muons, and muons decay into electron-positron pair, and ultimately,
the electron-positron pair which will annihilate into gamma-ray photons. This
is the reason why the AMS-1 and AMS-2 missions have recorded “an unexpected
high numbers of positrons (or the higher-than-expected positron/electron ratio)
in the earth’s upper atmosphere. The current explanation by mainstream
scientists to such an abnormally high positron/electron ratio occurring in
earth’s upper atmosphere is a possible signature of “antimatter” or “dark
matter”. However, we believe such a highly theory-laden interpretation is
fundamentally incorrect. It turns out the entire Van Allen Radiation Belt is a
giant particle accelerator and a colliding machine, a potential
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mechanism running
in this giant machine is therefore called the geomagnetic field confined the solar-terrestrial
double-sourced proton-antiproton (and electron-positron) conversion-and-colliding.
The above-mentioned mechanism of the
solar-terrestrial double-sourced proton-antiproton colliding naturally created
a quantum-physical process of proton decay, by which the both colliding proton
and antiproton could decay into mesons of various masses. in which the planet’s
constituent atoms must first be disintegrated into various subatomic particles that
are then condensed into a lance-shaped planet-ejected sunward-streaming
magnetized hadron jets being injected into the sun’s core (as the raw materials)
to re-sythesize the neutrons and protons that are combined to form heavy metal
elements, the mechanism of which is called the
mechanism of star-planet co-modulated neutron reformation or nucleon
re-synthesis. All these freshly re-produced heavy metal atoms would be gravito-electromagnetically-coated
onto the sun-core-gestated embryonic metallic karyospheres—the planetary
embryos of next-generation planets. Combined with the mechanism of quantum
tunneling effect, the high-energy neutrons and protons can be injected into the
nucleus of the heavy atoms located in the cores of these embryonic metallic
karyospheres where the nucleus of the heavy atoms
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become more
neutron-riched. Thus, creating uranium and transuranium elements that makes up
the compact cores of the star-gestated mass-increasing embryonic metallic
karyospheres. This means that all kinds of heavy metal elements, including
uranium and transuranium elements, can be directly synthesized in the star core
without the need of such “non-coevolutionary mechanisms” of stellar
nucleosynthesis as the proton-proton chain reaction, CNO cycle and supernova
explosion, etc.
As explained earlier, when a solar-like
single star system as a whole evolve to be a giant-core-gestated component star
of next-generation compact binary system, the stellar-merging process would
cause the component stars to eject out their massively matured metallic karyostares
into space in order to give lives to the newborn daughter planets. When the newborn
planets are being gravitro-magnetically bound together to form a new single
star system, the process of non-equivalent mass-energy exchange between new
star and new planets is initiated. Then, the mass-decaying trended elemental
transmutation of the constituent uranium atoms of a newborn planet is also
initiated. This is called the Astro-particle unified mechanism of
Uranium-Hydrogen-Uranium cycle (short form as UHU-cycle). The microscopic
process of UHU-cycle is totally synchronized with macroscopic process of the
BSB-cycle (Binary
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System-Single Star
System-Binary System Cycle).
In the frame of the theory of star-planet
coevolution, we don’t need such classical mechanisms, as the initial Big Bang
nuclear synthesis to create the hydrogen, helium and lithium first, and then,
the subsequent stellar nucleosynthesis to create all other elements heavier
than lithium. We only need a macro-micro-synchronized astro-particle process to
explain the relationship between the macro-astrophysical processes of the
origin and evolution of the solar system and the micro-quantum process of the origin
and transmutation of the elements in one macro-micro-unified framework of the
theory of star-planet co-evolution. The detailed description and explanation
about how the macro-astrophysical process of the BSB cycle is synchronized with
the micro-quantum-physical process of the UHU-cycle will be followed up in
chapter 3. Based on assumption-1 and assumption-2,
we are able to propose a set of coevolutionary idea-based laws, principles and
mechanisms to propound a vary simple model to adequately explain the process of
the origin and evolution of the solar system with high conformity.
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Section 2
The
Six Suggested Laws of Star-Planet Coevolution
The six suggested laws of star-planet
coevolution, together with other principles and mechanisms formed the core
ideas of the new coevolutionary physics, based on which we can adequately
explain the origin and evolution of the solar system with two extra bonuses to
offer new insights into the origin of terrestrial life and the new method of
developing the theory of everything. Some of the implications of following suggested
laws have been strongly supported by an evidence chain as presented in our
physical explanations.
The
first suggested-law of star-planet coevolution states that:
No
star or planet in the universe can evolve independently by themselves, but
instead, star(s) and planet(s) must be gravito-electromagnetically (coined as
gravitromagnetic) bound together to form a holistic coevolutionary system
within which the star(s) and planet(s) must co-evolve by following the basic
rule of bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchange.
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The first suggested-law codifies an idea
that the nature of the evolution of the solar system is essentially the
coevolution of the sun and planet, with the solar-planetary gravito-electromagnetic
interaction being the apparent physical effect under which the intrinsic
property of the stellar-planetary interaction is non-equivalent mass-energy
exchange between them. This means that the force-mediation bond acting between
star and planet can actually function as both a force-mediator and a
mass-energy exchanging channel simultaneously. The principle that describes these
two co-existing and co-function properties within one single statement is the principle of tunnel-bond duality. Thus, the principle of tunnel-bond
duality actually states the essence of the gravito-electromagnetic interaction
acting between bodies of any mass-energy scale because the principle can also
describe the essence of the inter-atomical electromagnetic interaction mediated
by chemical bond. In this sense, for any two bond-state atoms, a chemical bond
is actually functioning as both a force-mediator of electromagnetic interaction
and a mass-energy exchanging channel through which the bonding atoms are performing
the bilateral and non-equivalent mass-energy exchanging activity.
The first suggested-law of star-planet
coevolution is so important
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that we view this
law as “core of the core” of the theory of star-planet coevolution. However,
the first suggested-law of star-planet coevolution only tells you the intrinsic
tunnel-bond duality of the gravito-electromagnetic interaction between the sun
and planets or the essence of the concept of star-planet coevolution, but it
does not tell you the general mass-energy transferring direction, that is, we
can not be sure that, during the process of the non-equivalent mass-energy
exchange between the sun and the planets solar-planetary, which side of the
exchanging partners will receive (or lose) the mass-energy exchanging surplus value
and become the mass-energy gainer (loser). Thus, we need to propose the second
suggested-law of star-planet coevolution in order to determine who will receive
the mass-energy exchanging surplus value and, thus determine the direction of
the mass-energy transference.
The second
suggested-law of star-planet coevolution states that:
For
a star-planet-bonded coecolutionary system in which the star and it orbiting
planet(s) are performing the non-equivalent mass-energy exchanging activity, in
any given interval of time, the total amount of the mass-energy that the
central star received from the planets is always greater than that of the
mass-energy it emitted to the planets, which
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means that the star receives the exchange surplus
value and become the mass-energy gainer while the system’s planets lose their
mass-energy to the star and is undergoing a process of mass-energy decay. Since
the total volume of the mass-energy of a planet-bearing single star system
(e.g., the Solar System) is approximately conserved, therefore, in a given
interval of time, the total amount of masses and energies that system’s planets
collectively lost is approximately equal to that of mass-energy that the
central star gained.
The second suggested law of star-planet
coevolution helps determine the direction of mass-energy transference, which
means that the process of the sun-planet coevolution is dictated by the potential
law of stellar-end (star-core-oriented) mass-energy transference, or the law of
the solar-end (sun-core-oriented) mass-energy transference. Building on this
idea, we can naturally derive the potential
law of planetary evolution, which states that the macro-physical process of
the mass-energy evolution of a planet follows the law of synchronous decay of
multiple physical parameters of the planet. This means that the mass of a
current-evolving planet in the solar system, together with its magnetic field
strength, rotational speed, orbital radius (sun-planet distance), and its
mass-density (in terms of the planetary metallicity), decrease synchronously
while the multiple physical parameters of the sun (in terms
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of the solar mass-energy
scale) increase synchronously. This potential law suggests that sun-core-gestated
embryonic metallic karyospheres (the inbreeding planetary embryos of
next-generation planets), together with the solar luminosity and the solar magnetic
field strength, are increasing synchronously. It turns that the suggested law
of planetary mass-decay and the suggested law of solar mass increase are the
two co-exiting pair laws. In principle, if one law is proved to be true and
valid, then another law co-existing with it is also likely to be true and valid
(the purport of which will hereafter be called the rule of coexistence of pair
laws).
The second suggested-law of star-planet
coevolution helps to determine the general trend of mass changes of the planets
and the sun, and therefore, it determines the direction of the mass
transference of the entire solar system. Ultimately, it determines the fate of
the solar system. However, the second suggested law of star-planet coevolution does
not help us to adequately explain the physical correlation (positive and negative)
between solar activity cycle and geophysical activity cycle, so we need to
introduce the third suggested-law of star-planet coevolution to explain the physical
behavior of the solar-planetary positive feedback.
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The third suggested-law of star-planet coevolution states that:
In
any given interval of time of the stellar-planetary mass-energy exchange, the
more amount of mass-energy that the star emits to one of its orbiting
planet(s), the greater amount of mass-energy the planet returns to the star,
and vice versa.
The third suggested-law of star-planet
coevolution codifies an idea that the physical process of the non-equivalent
mass-energy exchange between star and planet is dictated by the rule of positive feedback. Thus, the
third suggested-law of star-planet coevolution can also be referred to as the principle of macro-physical positive
feedback between star and planet relative to the principle of micro-quantum positive feedback which describes the mechanism of mutual promotion of the processes of the planet-based and sun-core-based
formation and transmutation of elements (see the relevant contents in the
fourth suggested law of star-planet coevoution).
This law helps explain the mechanism of the
formation and evolution of the sunspot and the physical correlation between solar
activity cycle and the geophysical cycle and also explain the fundamental
mechanism of
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the cause of
earthquake and of the volcanic eruption. In this physical scenario, the solar
activity cycle can be redefined as the cyclic fluctuation of the variation of
the mass-energy exchanging volume that changes between the peak value period
and the valley value period. This means that the solar maximum or the sunspot
maximum is essentially the maximum period during which the total volume of the solar-planetary
mass-energy exchange peaks. Whereas the solar minimum or the sunspot minimum is
essentially a minimum period during which the total volume of the
solar-planetary mass-energy exchange reaches the valley value platform.
Building on this solar-planetary mass-energy exchanging scenario, we reached a
conclusion that the mechanism by the sunspot is created is the photosphere perforation effect caused by the planet-ejected sunward-streaming
and sun-planet’s double magnetic fields co-modulated (push-pull harmonized)
hadron jets-perforation, in which phenomenon, the energy density of the
earth-ejected sunward-streaming lance-shaped hadron jet reaches such a high
level that the plasma shell of the sun’s earth-facing side can be easily
perforated to create one or multiple magneto-vortex holes which manifest as
sunspots when viewed from the earth bound. When the sunspot numbers and the
averaged sunspots’ radius reach the highest level, it implies that the multiple
planet-ejected sunward-streaming energy jets are superposed to form a
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resultant
highly-penetrating planetary energy jet with its jet-flux density being
exponentially amplified to such a high level that the entire body of the sun
can be easily perforated from its earth-facing side to its far-earth-side. In
this physical scenario, one can observe many explosion bright points
distributed along the straight line intersecting the sun and earth and the Jupiter
moving to the orbital point lies behind the earth. This phenomenon is thus
called the solar photoshere-piercing
effect. Here we come up with a law
of describing the correlation between sunspot number and the energy density of
planetary energy jet, which states that:
The sunspot index value (defined as the
product of the sunspot numbers and the averaged sunspot’s radius) is
proportional to the energy density of the planet-ejected sunward-streaming hadron
jets being injected into the sun’s core.
Hence, our coevolutionary idea-based
explanation to the correlations between the sunspot cycle and the planetary
activity cycle (include geophysical cycle) is that the sunspot numbers reaches
the highest scale means that the energy density
of the superposed planetary energy jets (multi-planetary jets superposition)
reaches the highest level when there is a maximum alignment of Venus, Earth and
Jupiter. In this planetary
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constellation, the
planet-ejected sunward-streaming hadron jets of Venus, Earth and Jupiter are
superposed to form a resultant planetary energy jet with its energy density
being exponentially amplified to such a high level that the penetrating power
of the V-E-J’S resultant energy jet can easily shoot through the entire body of the sun from its earth-facing side
to its far-earth side. The mechanism of which is therefore called the mechanism of maximum multi-planetary
jets superposition and multi-planetary matter-energy hybridization. Or simply call the mechanism of maximum V-E-J’s jets superposition and maximum V-E-J’s
matter-energy hydridization.
According to the third suggested law of
star-planet coevolution or the principle of positive feedback of the sun-planet’s
mutual influence, the higher density of the energy jets that the planet(s)
ejected to the sun, the greater amount of solar energy or the higher flux
density of the solar cosmic rays will be feedback to the earth and the other
planets moving behind the earth. Thus,
the solar cosmic rays-carried energy causes the geophysical activity scale reaches
the highest level. In order to provide a more consistent macro-micro-unified
explanation about the cause of earthquake and volcanic eruption, we need to introduce the fourth suggested-law
of star-planet coevolution which describes and explains the
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physical
relationship between macro-astrophysical process of the origin and evolution
the solar system (the mass-evolution of sun and planet) and micro-quantum
process of the origin and transmutation elements (the microscopic process of
the planet-based uranium-to-hydrogen trended elemental transmutation and of
sun-core-based photon-nucleon-uranium-trended subatomic-to-atomic particle
transmutation) .
The
fourth suggested-law of star-planet coevolution states that:
The planet-based micro-quantum process of
particle transmutation follows the mass-decaying trend while the sun-core-based
micro-quantum process of particle transmutation follows the mass-increasing
trend.
If
this law works on atomic level, then it naturally becomes a pair laws of
describing two opposite mass-evolving trended processes of the origin and
evolution of elements in star-core and in planet respectively, called the suggested law of planet-based uranium-to-hydrogen trended
(hydrogen-end) elemental transmutation and the suggested law of star-core-based lepton-baryon-uranium trended
elemental transmutation.
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This means that
the planet-based process of elemental transmutation starts from the uranium
(here we use uranium to represent all other transuranium elements) and ends at hydrogen, which means that, for any planet, from
the planet’s core to its upper atmosphere, there is an invisible uranium-to-hydrogen
trended (or mass-decay-trended) elemental transmutation chain on which the hydrogen-1
atom is the end product produced on this uranium-hydrogen chain, after
hydrogen, the mass-decaying trended particle transmutation continuously extends
from hydrogen ion to proton, and then, to mesonic particles, and then, to
leptonic particles, and ultimately ends at gamma photon. Conversely, the
star-core-based process of elemental transmutation starts from gamma photon and
all other species of leptonic particles, and then, electron/positron pair
combined with neutrinos to form muonic particles, and then, to mesonic
particles, and then, to baryonic particles that form the hadron jets that are
colliding in the star core under the confinement of the stellar magnetic field
which synthesized the neutrons and protons in the star core, wherein, the
neutrons and protons are combined by strong nuclear force to make up the
nucleus of various species of heavy metal atoms that are combined to form the
compact cores of star-core-gestated mass-increasing embryonic metallic
karyospheres—the planetary embryos of next-generation planets. This means that, the nucleus of
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various species of
heavy metal atoms can be directly synthesized by using stellar-planetary
double-sourced subatomic particles, instead of using hydrogen and helium. The
quantum tunneling effect causes the freshly synthesized high-energy neutrons
(mostly) and protons (rarely) to be injected into the nucleus of the heavy
metal atoms that lie within the center of the cores of metallic karyospheres,
the mechanism of which could directly synthesize the uranium and transuranium
elements in the vary center of the star-core-gestated embryonic metallic
karyospheres. In the frame work of the theory of star-planet coevolution, we
don’t need the complicated classical mechanisms of stellar nucleosynthesis,
such as proton-proton chain and CNO cycle, etc.
It turns out that the initial raw materials
being used by star and planet to co-synthesize various heavy metal elements in
star-core is not the hydrogen or helium atoms, but rather, the star-planet’s
double-sourced subatomic particles. So, if we use the uranium to represent all
other transuranium elements heavier than uranium, then, the star-core-based
elemental transmutation starts from gamma photons and/or neutrinos, and ends at
uranium atom. Therefore, the star-core-based elemental transmutation follows
the suggested law of uranium-end elemental transmutation.
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The principle by which the fourth suggested
law of star-planet coevolution is suggested is the principle of
macro-micro-unification, which states that the macroscopic processes of the planetary
and solar mass-evolution must be physically synchronized with the micro-quantum
processes of the origin and transmutation of the planet’s and sun’s constituent
particles (atomic and subatomic).
The fourth suggested law of star-planet
coevolution helps us to understand the unified and synchronized physical
relationship between the macro-astrophysical process and the micro-quantum
process because the macroscopic mechanism of the solar-planetary mass-energy
exchange and mutual energy-supporting would inevitably mutually promote and
activate microscopic processes of the transmutation of each other’s constituent
particles. Since the earth-sun system is the best sub-coevolutionary system wherein
the validity of the fourth suggested law of star-planet coevolution can be
tested, therefore, we would like to present a short physical scenario to
explain the mechanism of how the earth-based process of uranium-to-hydrogen
trended elemental transmutation is synchronized with the sun-core-based process
of lepton-baryon-nucleon-uranium trended elemental transmutation.
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When the earth was initially formed as a
stellar-merger-ejected embryonic metallic karyosphere, it had a giant compact
core that was composed mostly of transuranium and uranium elements, the young
earth’s “uranium core” would be wrapped with a thin iron shell. There was
almost no light gaseous elements to form its atmosphere, in its subsequent evolution,
the chemical structure of the current earth changes dramatically, a large
numbers of the earth’s transuranium and uranioum elements have had decayed into
lighter elements. This means that the vast majority of the earth’s gaseous
light elements such as hydrogen, helium, oxygen and nitrogen atoms we see today
in the crust, seawater and atmosphere are initially derived from the
transuranium and uranium elements, they are essentially the daughter products
of the transuranium and uranium elements that are produced by the mechanism of
the solar-terrestrial double magnetic fields co-modulated and co-activated particle
transmutation as results of the suggested law of uranium-to-hydrogen trended
elemental transmutation. Physically speaking, the newborn earth have once had a
much bigger body mass, a much stronger magnetic field, and a much higher
rotational speed after its initial formation, later in its subsequent
evolution, the mass of the earth, and the strength of the earth’s magnetic
field, and the speed of its rotation decay dramatically in a synchronous
manner. Because, the
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mass-evolution of
the earth is essentially the collective effects of the transmutation of its constituent
atoms, therefore, the mass-decaying trended macroscopic process of the
evolution of the earth is totally synchronized the mass-decaying trended microscopic
process of the transmutation of the earth’s constituent atoms. In this
macro-micro-unified physical scenario, when earth decrease in mass, its constituent
transuranium and uranium elements also decay to all other lighter daughter elements
via various known and yet-known modes of radioactive decay (or the
mass-energy-decaying trended elemental transmutation.
The
suggested pairing-laws of solar-planetary mutual promotion of the processes of planet-based
mass-decaying trended particle transmutation and the star-core-based
mass-increasing trended particle transmutation states that:
The
mass-decay rate of the planet-based mass-decay-trended particle (atomic and
subatomic) transmutation is proportional to the flux-density of the
solar-sourced cosmic rays and the mass-gain rate of the sun-core-based nuclear
synthesis is proportional to the flux-density of the planet-ejected
sunward-streaming energy jet(s).
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This suggested pairing-laws describes the physical
relationship between the process of planet-based mass-decaying particle transmutation
and the process of star-core-based mass-increasing particle transmutation is the
relationship of mutual promotion and mutual activation, which is essentially a microscopic
mechanism of inter stellar-planetary positive feedback that works at quantum
level.
In this physical scenario, the planetary energy, in
terms of the planet-ejected sunward-streaming magnetized lance-shaped hadron
jet, when injected into the sun’s core, will promote the process of the
sun-core-based mass-increasing trended particle transmutation including the synthesis
of nucleons (neutron and proton) and heavy metal elements in the sun’s core.
Correspondingly, the solar energy, in terms of the solar cosmic rays carried by
the solar wind, when received by the planets, it will function as a promoter
and activator to energize the quantum-physical behavior of the mass-decaying
trended particle transmutation, including the known and yet-known modes of radioactive
and non-radioactive decay.
As with our newly suggested mechanism of the
formation of sunspot, we argue that, the sunspot is a photosphere perforating phenomenon
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caused by the
planet-ejected sunward-streaming magnetized lance-shaped high-density energy
jets that perforate magneto-vortex holes on the surface of the sun’s
photosphere shell, therefore, this mechanism implies a positive linear
relationship between the sunspot number and sunspot radius, which states that the
numbers and averaged radius of sunspots are directly proportional to the flux
density of the planetary energy jets, so
the more numbers and the bigger radius of sunspots suggest a more amount of
planetary mass-energy being injected into the sun’s core. Hence, according to
the third suggested law of star-planet coevolution—The principle of macro-physical
stellar-planetary positive feedback, if a greater amount of planetary
mass-energy being injected into the sun’s core, then it will result in a greater
amount of solar mass-energy being returned to the planets. In microscopic
quantum level, it functions as a microscopic coevolutionary mechanism of mutual
promotion of the processes of the formation and transmutation of the
constituent elements of the sun and the planet.
In this quantum-physical scenario, take the
earth-sun system for example, when the total value of solar-terrestrial
mass-energy exchange peaks which manifests as solar maximum or sunspot maximum,
both the flux-densities of the earth-ejected sunward-streaming condensing
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planetary energy
jet (shown as lance-shaped mass-jet), which is superposed with the planetary
mass-energy jets of Venus and Jupiter, and the solar cosmic rays increase
dramatically, at this time, the planetary constellation of the maximum
alignment of Venus, Earth and Jupiter is formed which causes the component
planetary mass-energy jets of Venus, Earth and Jupiter to be superposed to form
a resultant mass-energy jet (VEJ-superposed
jet) with its flux-density being exponentially amplified, thus, the perforating
power of the VEJ-superposed jet increases dramatically, which causes the mean-radii
of the sunspots to be wider while increasing numbers of sunspots. Accordingly,
the sun-core-based quantum process of the mass-gain trended formation and
transmutation of heavy elements is being largely promoted, in which process a
much greater number uranium and transuranium elemental atoms arebeing
synthesized in the center of the sun-core-gestated embryonic metallic
karyospheres (the planetary embryos of next-genration planets).
Correspondingly, according to the
principle of micro-quantum mutual promotion, the solar cosmic rays being
taken by the earth would function as promotion factor to activate and promote
the earth-based process of mass-decaying trended formation and transmutation of
terrestrial constituent elements, when the flux-density of solar cosmic rays
increase, the mass-energy decay rates of various isotopes of heavy elements in
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earth’s core,
mantle and crust would be increased, which leads to the earth’s core-mantle expansion
(the volume of the earth become bigger in the period of solar maximum), the
rifts of inter continental plates become relatively wider, thus, the values of
the indices of volcanic eruptions peaks. In about one or two years after the
period of sunspot maximum, the flux-density of the planet-ejected
sunward-streaming mass-energy jet gradually decreases from its peak value,
according to the principle of solar-planetary positive feedback, the
flux-density of solar cosmic rays must decrease correspondingly in a
synchronous manner. When the flux-density of the planet-to-sun-streaming jet
drops to the lowest level, the jet-perforating power reduces to least level,
then, the planetary-jet caused solar photosphere-perforation
phenomenon disappear which manifest as the cyclic recurrence of sunspot
minimum. According to the suggested law
of cosmic ray-caused variation of decay rate (or the atomic mass-decay
amplitude fluctuation), which states that the
mean mass-decay rates of the planet’s constituent atoms is proportional to the
mean flux-density of the solar cosmic rays and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between the planet and the sun. When the solar
activity cycle changes from the sunspot maximum to the sunspot minimum, the flux-density of solar cosmic rays
injecting into the earth decreases, the activation energy that energizes the
radioactive decay
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decrease
dramatically, thus, the mean mass-decay rates of all isotopes (short-term and
long-term) of the earth’s constituent atoms (heavy metal and lighter gas elements)
decreases. As the mean-decay rates of parent radioactive elements in the earth’s
core and mantle decrease just a tiny bit, the collective effects would be
amplified dramatically, which means that the total number of lighter daughter
atoms being created decreases dramatically as the earth’s internal temperature
drops dramatically, thus, the volume of earth’s core-mantle shrinks, then, the
averaged width of the rifts of inter continental plates become narrower,
therefore, the averaged magnitudes of the inter tectonic plates colliding
become higher and higher until reaching the highest level that occurs in the
period of sunspot minimum. This is the reason why averaged numbers of global
earthquakes (M ≥ 5) always occur in about 1 or 2 years after the period of sunspot
maximum and reaches the highest level in the period of sunspot minimum. The
ISC-GEM has shown that the most historically occurred high-magnitude
earthquakes always occur during the period of sunspot minimum.
Explanation of the correlation between the variation
cycle of global precipitation and the sunspot cycle